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محبت کی انتہا

 

محبت کی انتہا

4ُٓاپریل 1979ء کو گلگت کے جیالے محمد اسمعیل نے ریڈیو پر اپنے محبوب قائد ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی خبر سنی تو ان کی جدائی برداشت نہ کر سکا اور محبت عشق کی اگلی منزل تک چلی گئی ۔اس نے جلتے ہوئے تیل کا چولھا اپنے اوپر انڈیل لیا ۔جیالے کے سارے جسم کو آگ نے لپیٹ لیا ۔اس کا منہ ، ہاتھ ،ٹانگیں اور جسم کے دیگر اعضاء جل گئے ۔کئی مہینے زندگی موت کی کشمکش میں رہنے کے بعد وہ زندہ بچ گئے ۔جب محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو پہلی مرتبہ وزیر اعظم بنی تو انہوں نے گلگت آ کر خود محمد اسمعیل سے ملاقات کی اور سرکاری ملازمت دلائی ۔طویل عرصہ گزرنے کے بعد جب بھی اس کے سامنے بھٹوکی پھانسی کا ذکر کیا جائے تو اس کی آنکھیں بے ساختہ آنسوئوں سے چھلک پڑتی ہیں ۔

 

تأثر الأدب العربي من تعليمات النبي ﷺ دراسة و تحقيقا

It is estimated by studying the history that the imagination of life was limited before the appearance of Islam. A new era started after the arrival of Islam. Revolution came in thoughts and ideas. Every department was effected even poetry, literature and language pleasantly effected. A revolution created in the Arabic literature after the revelation of the Holy Quran even it taught the rituals of representation of emotions along with facial and spiritual beauty to the Arabic literature. Arabic language is full of knowledge and thoughts of whole world today and the axis of Arabic language and literature is the Holy Quran. The resources of ignorant literature which we get today was collected to save and understand the language of the Holy Quran. For example to eliminate the linguistic flaws, grammar science came into being and rhetoric science came into being to prove Quranic miracle and language and literature came into being to explain the poor words, and Hadith, tafseer, fiqah and other sciences came into being for religious laws. The Holy Quran changed the direction of literature towards justice, service to humanity and support of right and truth and chastity and modesty and God-worship. It gave appropriate dignified styles to explain every topic and invited to work by using reasons and thoughts. Arabic language is effected by the Holy Quran in such a way that it softened the hard and ruthless hearts of Arabs and made the surface wisdom heavy and solid by entering in it.  Could not get effected by Holy Quran as the level which prose got benefit. The prose got more shine in the time of Khulafa-e-rashidin when victories increased, boundaries of Islamic state expanded and political and developmental issues increased. It is a fact that Arabic prose got too high as compared to the Arabic poetry due to the Holy Quran.  

Optimization of Engineering Parameters for Continuous Mode Biosorption

The discharge of heavy metals into aquatic ecosystems has become a matter of concern over the last few decades. They are extremely toxic elements, which can seriously affect plants and animals and have been involved in causing a large number of afflictions. Due to the high costs of commercial adsorbents, biosorption is an economically feasible way to perform the treatment of potentially toxic species-containing effluents. It is the sequestration of metals by the dead natural material called biosorbent. This research presents experimental optimization of different engineering parameters such as Biosorbent type, Immobilization method, initial solution pH, flow rate, Initial metal concentration and Desorbing agent for the removal of Cu(II). Three types of wastes namely Crop wastes (CW) including Bagasse, Rice Husk, Rice Straw, Wheat Straw, Waste leaves (WL) including Peeple Leaves, Semal Leaves and Dry fruit Waste (DW) including Almond Shell and Walnut shell were selected as they are abundantly available in local areas. First of all, each biosorbent was prepared through washing, crushing and grinding followed by size analysis through seven ASTM screens. Detailed size analysis was performed and presented for the first time in literature to link it with biosorption. This data was used to calculate different mean diameters namely volume surface mean, mass mean and length mean diameters. Size frequency curve was also plotted. For almond shell the volume surface mean diameter showed close resemblance to the median obtained from the size frequency curve while for all the remaining biosorbents, mass mean diameter came out to be representative diameter. Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to establish different aspects (Physical and chemical) of biosorbent structure. CW showed needle like particles with complex flaky or porous structure. LW showed cylindrical particles with holes while DW showed aggregatesof small particles. FTIR analysis showed typical lignocellulosic profile for each biomass showing the presence of multiple functional groups including –OH, -COOH. XRD showed amorphous nature of the biosorbents. These characterizations showed that selected biosorbent possess structure suitable for biosorption. Selection of the optimum biosorbent was performed through typical kinetic and equilibrium experiments. In these experiments WL showed highest uptake of Cu(II) while CW and DW showed intermediate to low uptakes. Biosorption generally takes place in acidic environment. Therefore, stability of the selected biosorbents (Wheat Straw, Peeple leaves, Seemal Leaves, Almond Shell and Rice Husk) in 0.1M HNO 3 was tested. Almond Shell showed best and WL showed worst results. Thus, Almond Shell (AS) was selected as optimum Biosorbent. This approach has been applied for the first time to select an optimum biosorbent. Among different options of continuous contactors, fixed bed column is preferred due to its effective utilization of biomass bed and subsequent separation from the adsorbate solution. The most important parameter in the fixed bed operation is the nature of immobilization of the biomass. Generally, entrapment of the biosorbent is being performed to apply it in the fixed bed column. However, this process results in addition of a resistive layer of immobilizing media which hinders the mass transfer. Therefore, a novel surface immobilization mm and have complex structure. Braummer-Emmett-Teller (BET) area of beads showed a suitable adsorption area 0.8094 m 2 /g. For fixed bed experiments, optimum pH was estimated to be 4.6. It was an intermediate pH between two extremes i.e., point of zero charge (pH = 3.8) and point of precipitation (pH =5.1). Up flow arrangement was selected due to its inherent capability to avoid channelling. Bed height was selected to 20 cm to avoid axial dispersion of the Cu(II). Column experiments were performed at 19.7mL/min and 36 mL/min to determine optimum flow rate at 10 ppm Cu(II) concentration. Time required to achieve 50 % break through was greater in case of 19.7 mL/min than 36 mL/min. 19.7 mL/min flow rate corresponded to about 3 min residence time in the column and taken as optimum flow rate. In order to determine the optimum influent concentration three column experiments were performed at different initial concentration namely 10 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm. As, expected very quick breakthrough took place at 50 ppm and 100 ppm. Hence, 10 ppm was selected an optimum initial concentration. HNO 3 and NaOH were selected to determine the optimum desorbent. These chemicals were selected due to the fact that H + and Na + ’ metals. Experiments showed that HNO 3 recovered much more Cu(II) ions than NaOH. Also, in case of NaOH, a notable deterioration of immobilized beads was found. Almond shell was identified as an optimum biosorbent as it showed moderate uptake and highest acid resistance amongst selected biosorbent. Kinetic modelling showed that, pseudo 2 nd order kinetic best described biosorption of Cu(II) by AS. Freundlich model enumerated the equilibrium behaviour of Cu(II) removal by AS. Application of Dubinin-Radushkevic (D- R) model suggested the physio-sorption while Boyd''s model showed liquid film diffusion as the rate controlling step in the biosorption of Cu(II) by AS. Powdered AS was immobilized on the surface of beads which showed moderate BET area. Beads showed best performance (50% break through) at lower flow rate (19.7 mL/min) and low Cu(II) concentration (10 ppm). It was possible to regenerate beads saturated with Cu(II) ions using 0.1M HNO 3 without any damage. Thomas model was applied to describe the break through curves. It isrecommended to further explore the surface immobilization of different biosorbents to test their effect on the breakthrough of different pollutants (binary and tertiary) in fixed bed column.
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