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اردو کے اہم مدونین ( مسعود حسین رضوی ادیب)

اردو کے اہم مدونین
(پروفیسر سید مسعودحسن رضوی ادیب)
سید مسعود حسن ادیب اردو کے بہت بڑے محقق تسلیم کیے جاتے ہیں۔ آپ کی پیدائش ۹ جولائی۱۸۹۳ء ہوئی۔آپ کی تحقیق طرح طرح کے موضوعات پر محیط ہے۔ انہوں نے فائز، میر، غالب اور انیس سے متعلق اہم ، معتبر اور کارآمد معلومات فراہم کیں، مرثیے کی تاریخ کی طرف توجہ کی اور اس کے مواد کی جمع آوری کا مشکل مرحلہ سرکیا، مرثیوں کی تخلیق کے زمانوں اور ان کے متون کی صحیح ترین صورتوں سے واقف کرایا۔ اردو ڈرامے کی ابتدا کے زمانے کا تعین کیا اور اودھ میں اردو ڈرامے کی بنا اور اس کے ارتقا کا تفصیل سے جائزہ لیا۔ اودھ بالخصوص لکھنئو کی تہذیب و ثقافت ، یہاں کے علوم و فنون اور یہاں کے تہذیبی اور ادبی محرکات کا اس حد تک مطالعہ کیا کہ انہیں لکھنویات کا ماہر کہا جانے لگا۔
آپ کی پہلی تالیف کے وقت آپ کی عمر تیرہ سال تھی۔مالی اور مادی وسائل کے اعتبار سے ادیب پر طالب علمی کا یہ دور بہت سخت گزر رہا تھا۔مڈل پاس کرنے کے بعد مزید تعلیم کے لیے ادیب ۱۹۰۸ئمیں ادیب لکھنئو آگئے۔ لکھنئو کی طالب علمی کے اس دور نے ایک طرف ادیب کی ادبی زندگی کو جلا بخشی ، دوسری طرف ان کو اس مٹتے ہوئے شہر اور اس کی ختم ہوتی ہوئی ادبی اور تہذیبی روایات نے مسحور کرنا شروع کردیا۔
سنہ 1915ء سے 1917ء تک وہ کیننگ کالج کے طالب علم رہے اور اس کے بورڈنگ ہاؤس کے ساتھیوں میں علی عباس حسینی اور مرزا حامد حسین وغیرہ ادب کے مطالعے میں غرق رہتے تھے۔ ان میں ادبی موضوعات پر گرما گرم بحثیں ہو تی تھیں۔ جن میں مرزا محمد ہادی رسوا، مولانا بے خود موہانی اور مرزا یاس یگانہ چنگیزی شریک ہو تے تھے۔...

عہد خلفاء راشدین اور اسلاموفوبیا

Islamophobia is a term that refers to prejudice or discrimination against Islam and Muslim. The roots of Islamophobia can be traced back to the distant past. Hypocrate Abd Ullah b. Ubbay Al-Salul was the first Islamophobic person in the era of Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and then farther Abd Ullah b. Saba in the era of The Rashidun Khalips. They can be considered as the precursor of Islamophobia.

Relative Efficacy of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Possessing Phosphate Solubilizing And/Or Acc-Deaminase Activity for Improving Growth and Yield of Cereals

The phosphorus content in soil (organic plus inorganic) is usually much higher than plant requirements, however bioavailability of phosphorus to plant is one of the major plant growth limiting constraints. Even the added P as phosphatic fertilizer may get unavailable because of its fixation/ precipitation in soil, particularly in calcareous and alkaline soils. Thus, there is dire need to mobilize this big pool of soil phosphorus for improving crop yields on sustainable basis and one of the strategies useful for this purpose is the use of specific microorganisms applied as inocula. Some plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to promote plant growth by solubilizing this unavailable/insoluble phosphorus (P) in soil while others enhance P acquisition by plant indirectly through promoting extensive root growth because of their 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)-deaminase activity. As far as we know, for the first time we compared the PGPR carrying dual traits (phosphorus solubilizing and ACC deaminase activity) vs. single trait PGPR for their effectiveness to improve P nutrition and growth of wheat and maize. To achieve these objectives, a series of experiments was conducted to document the impact of selected PGPR on wheat and maize under axenic and natural conditions. A total of thirty five (35) isolates were collected from the rhizosphere of wheat and maize by using enrichment techniques. Six isolates were selected on the basis of their P-solubilizing and/or ACC deaminase activity. Among the selected six rhizobacteria, two (K1 & K2) predominantly carry ACC-deaminase activity, the other two (K3 & K4) had P-solubilization activity while rest of the two (K5 & K6) carried both of these traits. The seeds of wheat (Bhakar 2002) and maize (Sahiwal 2002) were inoculated with these six selected isolates and sown under axenic conditions in growth medium containing rock phosphate (RP) as P source. The same six strains of PGPR were tested under pot and field conditions with the objectives to improve P use efficiency in inoculated wheat and maize crop under five fertilizer treatment matrix including F0 (NK fertilizer only); F1, (F0+rock phosphate (RP); F2, (F0+DAP); F3, (F0+compost) and F4, (F0+RP-enriched compost). Inoculation with all the PGPR strains promoted growth and yield parameters of wheat and maize compared to respective uninoculated control under all the five fertilizer treatments, however, effectiveness of PGPR strains varied in different fertilizer treatments. Results also clearly revealed that dual trait PGPR strains were most promising and consistent in increasing growth and yield parameters of wheat and maize compared to single trait strains under all fertilizer treatments. Comparison of single trait PGPR indicated that P solubilizers were relatively more effective than those PGPR containing ACC deaminase activity implying that the improvement in P-nutrition is more critical for improving plant growth than just improving root growth with respect to P nutrition as well as growth and yield of wheat and maize. These results may imply that PGPR possessing dual traits could be the best candidates for formulation of the most effective and consistent biofertilizer. Overall, fertilizer treatments also differed from each other with respect to affecting growth and yield parameters of wheat and maize as fertilizer treatment F2, (F0+DAP) proved the best while F0, (N and K only) had the minimum impact.
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