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موضوع کا انتخا ب اور خاکہ

موضوع4:موضوع کا انتخاب اور خاکہ
خاکہ کا مفہوم:
خاکہ اردو زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کا مطلب’ بنیادی نقشہ‘ یا ’تصوراتی ڈھانچہ‘ ہے۔ انگریزی زبان میں اس کے لیے لفظ Synopsis استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جو کہ دو الفاظ ’Syn ‘ اور ’Opsis ‘سے مرکب ہے۔’Syn‘ کامطلب ’ایک ساتھ‘ ، ’یکجا‘ اور ’Opsis ‘کا مطلب ’دیکھنا‘ہے۔یعنی کسی چیز کو ایک ہی جگہ مجموعی طور پر دیکھنا۔اس کے لیے لفظ’’ Out Line‘‘بھی استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔عربی زبان میں اس کے لیے ’خط‘ یا’ خط البحث‘ کا لفظ استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔جو کہ خط،یخط سے ہے یعنی لکیریں کھینچنا،لکھنا وغیرہ۔
خاکہ، دراصل کسی عمارت، منصوبے،کتاب یا مقالے کا ابتدائی تصوراتی ہیولا یا نقشہ ہے جس پر ساری عمارت تعمیر کی جاتی ہے یا تحقیق و تفتیش کی جاتی ہے۔اے۔جے۔راتھ نے خاکے کامفہوم اس طرح سے بیان کیا ہے:
’’خاکہ سادہ طریقے سے لکھنے کی منصوبہ بندی، مختلف تصورات کی تقسیم اور ترتیب کا نام ہے۔ اوراس کاخصوصی مقصدمختلف تصورات کے مابین، باہمی رشتے اور تعلق کو ظاہر کرنا ہے۔‘‘
تحقیق میں خاکہ کی اہمیت:
تحقیق کے عمل میں خاکہ بنیادی اہمیت رکھتا ہے۔یہ اساس تحقیق بھی ہے اور محقق کے لیے امکانی منزل کا درجہ بھی رکھتا ہے۔یہ کوئی بند ساخت نہیں ہے کہ جس سے ذرا برابر انحراف جائز نہ ہو، بلکہ یہ ایک نموپذیر اکائی کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے جس میں مقاصد تحقیق کے مطابق جب نئی چیزیں سامنے آتی ہیں تو اس میں رد و بدل کیا جا سکتاہے۔ رشید حسن خان لکھتے ہیں:
’’تحقیق ایک مسلسل عمل ہے۔ نئے واقعات کا علم ہوتا رہے گا، کیونکہ ذرائع معلومات میں اضافہ ہوتارہتا ہے۔یہ نہیں کہا جا سکتا کہ کون سی حقیقت کتنے پردوں میں چھپی ہوئی ہے۔ اکثر صورتوں میںیہ ہوتا ہے کہ حجابات بالتدریج اٹھتے ہیں۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ تحقیق میں اصلیت کا...

Price Fixation in Islamic Law

Adl and Qisṭ is indeed a manifestation of God’s mercy, rather, it may also be seen as a principal objective of Shariʿah. The origin or sources of administration of justice in Islām are the Quran, Sunnah of the holy Prophet, consensus of opinions of the jurists of Islamic jurisprudence and Analogy (Qiyās). Justice is a sacred obligation of supererogatory. It is obligatory upon the Muslim rulers to appoint judges for the dispensation of justice to attain equality, to protect the human rights from their violation, to safeguard the lives and properties, and to maintain law and order in society. As a judge is supposed to accomplish a very important and noble task being a regent of Allāh, hence, some vital merits and criteria regarding the conditions and qualifications for the appointment of the Qāḍī or judge in the light of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence and the code of conduct for the Pakistani judges must be observed at all costs. The author of this paper has discussed these conditions and qualifications in this article. There are some unanimous conditions for the appointment of judges, while some others are not agreed upon. While presenting the difference of opinions of the Islamic jurists, the author tried to explain, reconcile the opinions and at some places presented her own view in the light of her analysis and arguments. These conditions are around thirty, but the author according to her own discretion chose some of the most important ones to discuss in this paper.

Problems and Prospects of Senior Citizens in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Punjab

Aging has become a global issue as the number of senior citizens is growing day by day. This number has increased due to various reasons and above all, it is the availability of health care and birth control medicines. These are the reasons which are distorting the pyramid of age among the different groups of the people, which results in the shrinkage of the population at lower levels and expansion at upper levels. This transition of population is challenging the economy of the states and generating social problems in both developed and developing countries with varying levels. Pakistan is one of the most-affected countries and its ranked is 89 as the World Watch Index (2013) showed. It is the third highest old-age populated country with huge psycho-social and economic problems. There was a time when traditional structure of family was supportive to senior citizens, but changing values and socioeconomic dynamics have changed the vise versa. The statistics indicate that labor force is decreasing as compared to dependent class. The situation in Pakistan is not promising as the proper strategies and policies are not in practice to address the social adjustment and well-being of the senior citizens. To know the facts that how this situation is creating socioeconomic problems among the senior citizens and causing psycho-social problem after all, this study was designed to explore the accurate status and intensity of the problem in Pakistan, in general and in the Punjab province in particular. To explore the phenomenon, the study has applied different methods and tools to collect and analyze the data. The focus of the study was 212 (62) inmates from old homes, 50 senior citizens living with the family, 40 senior citizens, i.e.10 pensioners, 10 irregular physical laborers or daily wagers, 10 laborers in private industries on daily wage basis and 10 beggars/destitute persons. A preliminary study was conducted with experts and in the light of these results reduced from the expert’s opinion, the further four tools (structured interview schedule) were developed. The data were analyzed using manual and SPSS techniques as well. The results show that this is a very speedily spreading phenomenon in Pakistan but still neglected by the Government and private sectors. Major findings have shown that the senior citizens facing more economic problems in family life, but less social isolation as compared to the senior citizens living in old homes. Families are facing serious economic stress in taking care of senior citizens. The main reasons have been found were the lack of proper policy and its implementation by the government.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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