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مولانا سید ابوظفر ندوی

مولانا سید ابوظفر ندوی
ابھی یہ سطور لکھی جا رہی تھیں کہ اچانک اطلاع ملی کہ مولانا سید ابوظفر ندوی نے اپنے وطن دیسنہ(بہار) میں وفات پائی۔اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔مرحوم پرانے دور کے ندوی تھے۔ تمام علوم اسلامیہ وعربیہ میں دسترس رکھتے تھے،لیکن تاریخ ان کاخاص فن تھا، چنانچہ مرحوم نے جتنے مقالات لکھے اور جتنی کتابیں تالیف کیں اُن میں سے اکثر وبیشتر اسی موضوع پرہیں۔ اس فن کابڑا عمدہ اورصاف ستھرا مذاق رکھتے تھے، جو کچھ لکھتے تھے شگفتہ زبان میں لکھتے اور تحقیق کے ذریعہ فراہمی معلومات کاحق اداکردیتے تھے۔ ’مختصر تاریخ ہند‘ اور ’تاریخ سندھ‘ دارالمصنفین کی طرف سے شائع ہوکر مقبول عام وخاص ہوچکی ہیں۔ایک ضخیم کتاب ’’تاریخ گجرات‘‘ کے نام سے ندوۃ المصنفین کے زیرِ اہتمام طبع ہورہی ہے۔مختلف کالجوں میں پروفیسر رہے اوراب ادھر سالہا سال سے احمدآباد میں گجرات اکاڈمی سے وابستہ تھے۔ مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ کے بھانجہ یا بھتیجے تھے اور یوں بھی صورۃً وسیرۃً سیدصاحب سے اس درجہ مشابہ تھے کہ ۵۵ء میں اپنی صاحبزادی کی شادی کے سلسلہ میں کلکتہ آئے اور پہلے سے کسی اطلاع کے بغیر اچانک راقم الحروف سے ملنے کی غرض سے دفتر میں تشریف لے آئے تومرحوم کودیکھ کرسید صاحب کی شکل وصورت کا نقشہ آنکھوں میں پھر گیا اور بے قرار کرگیا،یہ بالکل پہلی ملاقات تھی مگروہی بزرگانہ شفقت ومحبت ، باتوں میں علمیت اورذہانت کے ساتھ وہی بھولا پن اورسادگی ،وہی غایتِ کرم اور توجہ۔ سمدھیانہ میں شادی کا ہنگامہ بپاتھا اس لیے شب غریب خانہ پر ہی بسر کی۔ احمد آبادسے بھی وقتاًفوقتاً خط لکھتے رہتے تھے اوراُس میں بھی وہی مشفقانہ اور بزرگانہ انداز ہوتاتھا۔میر ے اور اپنے خانگی معاملات پراس طرح گفتگو کرتے تھے کہ گویا ہم دونوں قریبی رشتہ دار ہوں۔ان ذاتی اخلاق کے علاوہ بڑے متشرع اور متدین تھے، دو راتیں میرے مکان پر...

Participatory Based Transactions in Sharī‘ah (Islamic Commercial Law) and Their Role in the Development of Rural Local Agricultural Sector in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Local farming is, indeed, the most important sector of agriculture through which farmers grow food. However, owing to their weak financial conditions, they are not able to get maximum benefits from their labours for most of the times. The case of Pakistani farmers, particularly in rural areas of KP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), is not different in this connection. They frequently resort to formal and informal sources of financing to accomplish their basic agricultural requirements: both crops and non-crops inclusive. However, all these sources advance financing facility on interest basis. Being typical Muslims, such agricultural credit is, therefore, avoided by these farmers and, as a result, they always endure on their financial grounds. In such situations, some substitute arrangements are recommended to reciprocate with their problems. This alternative is offered by Sharī‘ah through various commercial transactions – among which participatory based transaction i.e. Mushārakah is the most suitable and important one. In the present work, various models are proposed on the basis of such transaction to fulfill various agricultural requirements of farmers, living in rural areas of KP.  In addition, such models are structured in the light of basic theory, available in the classical literature of Islamic law, in order to make them more Sharī‘ah based rather Sharī‘ah compliant. The proposed models are then, at the second stage, tested at ground level to strengthen further their viability for all stake holders. Findings show that all agricultural requirements, particularly heavy machinery and transport, can be realized through such models provided if they are applied in their true spirit. Moreover, content analysis and focused group technique of qualitative research have been used, as a research methodology, for the investigation of the issue in the present work.

Laminar Flow Enhancement in Channels With Heat Transfer Analysis

Investigation of flow and heat transfer phenomena in a channel filled partially or fully with porous medium is of significant interest as it has numerous applications in heat exchangers, crude oil extraction, jet printers, petroleum reservoir, filtration mechanism, magnetic refrigerator, rocket propulsion etc. It is observed that the pressure gradient and temperature difference play vital role in the channel and pipe flows. Also, presence of porous medium has a significant effect on heat transfer phenomenon. Theoretical analysis of such flows is helpful to examine more complex problems related to flow and heat transfer phenomena. A lot of research has been conducted in this direction. However, characteristics of heat transfer in composite channel flows are yet to be explored as a few literature is available on this topic. Keeping this in mind, emphasis has been paid on the steady of flow and heat transfer characteristics in channels partially or fully filled with porous medium. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid known as Casson fluid have been considered and the impact of presence of magnetic field, unsteadiness and suction/injection on fluid flow and heat transfer are observed. The considered problems are mathematically modelled using momentum and energy equations. In some particular cases, entropy generation effects are also investigated to measure the energy losses during these processes. Different techniques like numerical and analytical are used to solve partial differential equations which govern heat transfer and flow phenomena. Regular perturbation method is used to solve analytically the governing equations whereas finite difference scheme are employed to obtain the numerical solutions. The validity and accuracy level of the solutions have been determined either by comparing both the solutions or calculating the residual error. The analysis carried out in this dissertation reveals that the presence of porous medium decreases the velocity of the fluid within the pipes or composite channels. Also, it is noticed that the flow and heat transfer strongly depend on the viscosity ratios, magnetic field parameter, thermal conductivity ratios, inclination angle and porosity parameter. Moreover, the Newtonian fluid velocity is higher than the Casson fluid velocity for irregular channel with convective boundary conditions. In case of composite channel, temperature enhancement is more in porous region as compared to clear region. Furthermore, presence of porous medium, magnetic field parameter and viscous dissipation effects are the major factor responsible for entropy generation.
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