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زلزلہ اور ہم

زلزلہ اور ہم
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
صدرِذی وقار اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’زلزلہ اور ہم‘‘
موضوع بہت طویل ہے اور وقت قلیل ، لیکن مجھے اس مختصر سے وقت میں مذکور ہ عنوان پر اپنے خیالات کا اظہار کرنا ہے۔
معزز سامعین!
زلزلے کے بارے میں مختلف قوموں کے مختلف نظریات ہیں یونانی قوم میں زلزلے کے بارے میں یہ تصور تھا کہ یہ عظیم سمندری اشتعال کا نتیجہ ہوتے ہیں ،میکسیکن ، و یکیورس ، کیلی فورنیا کے قبائل کا عقیدہ تھا کہ ایل ڈیبلو نامی انڈین خدا نے زمین کے ایک بڑے خطے کو کاٹ کر اپنے لئے مختص کر لیا، منگولیا چین کے باسیوں کا عقیدہ تھا کہ بڑے مینڈک نے اپنی پیٹھ پر دنیا کو اُٹھایا ہوا ہے جب وقتاًفوقتاً مینڈک اپنے جسم کو حرکت دیتا ہے تو زلزلے آتے ہیں، سائنس کا نقطہ نظر یہ ہے کہ ہزاروں بلکہ لاکھوں سال سے جاری زمین کے اندر مختلف قسم کی تبدیلیاں ، سمندری چٹانوں کی توڑ پھوڑ فالٹ کی صورت اختیار کر جاتی ہیں زمین کی تین سطحوں میں سے پہلی سطح کرسٹ ، دوسری مینٹل اور تیسری کور کہلاتی ہے۔ مینٹل سیمی لیکوڈ ہوتی ہے، کرسٹ اس پر تیرتی ہے جب کہ کورز مین کا درمیانی حصہ ہوتا ہے جب اندرونی چٹانیں ٹوٹتی ہیں تو ان تبدیلیوں سے پیدا ہونے والے دباؤ کو یہ غیر متوقع انداز میں خارج کرتی ہیں تو اس کی وجہ سے زمین کی اندرونی تہوں میں اضطرابی تخریب پیدا ہو جاتی ہے بعض اوقات کوئی ایک تہہ اس دباؤ کی وجہ سے ٹوٹ بھی جاتی ہے اور زمین کی بالائی سطح پرخارج شدہ توانائی شد ید جھٹکوں کا باعث بنتی...

Muatan Konten Lokal pada Materi Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris di SMP Negeri 5 Sigi

Based on the 2013 curriculum 2016’s revision, there are subject materials that demand about local content in English subjects at the level of SMP Class VII. Teachers need many researches and practices integrating and implementating these subjects. Basically,   it needs to be done in-depth study in the form of content analysis. This research was conducted on content and learning English in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi. This study aims to find out 1) how many percentage of local content in English lesson material Class VII SMP in the curriculum 2013 revision 2016; 2) how to integrate local content in English subject matter in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi; 3) how the implementation of material with local content in English learning in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi, and; 4) how to integrate local content in effective and efficient English lessons in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach with the method of collecting document studies, interviews, and observation. The research results are 1) the proportion of local content that can be integrated into English language learning material SMP is 95%; 2) the integrity of local content in English learning materials in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi can be found in the lesson plan; 3) implementation of materials with local content in English learning attached to KTSP, Syllabus, lesson plan and learning resources enrichment book.

Identification and Characterization of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants of Gallyat Region, Pakistan

Human have always relied on biological products and have continuously explored their potential to improve various aspects of humanlives.The research on natural product is one of the key of discovering bioactive natural substances. Since with little knowledge about the etiology of many human, animals and plants disorders, this become difficult to synthesized potentially active substance in the chemical laboratory for their treatment. The bioactive compounds obtained from natural sourcesprovideharmonizingattributes to synthetic compounds with respect to their composition, size, different functional groups, architectural and stereo chemical complexity. Importantly, these bioactive natural substances have potential to serve functions in specific biological system like scavenging of free radicals, inhibiting the tumor etc.Medicinal plants have been playing a vital role in combating various ailments including cancer. Many modern antitumor and anticancer drugs have plant-based origin. e.g.Podophyllotoxin (Podophyllumpeltatum), Vincristine (Catharanthusroseus) etc.Study area i.e. Gallyat region has rich diversity of medicinal plants. Five ethnomedicinally important plant species (Dryopterisramosa, Quercusleucotricophora, Bidensbiternata, Arisaemaflavum and Rosa brunonii) were selected from the study which were never been assessed for their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The selected plant species were collected from Gallyat region of Pakistan, identified and voucher specimens were deposited in herbarium of Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad for future references.Crudemethanolic extract (CME) of each selected plant was prepared using maceration technique and each plant extract was evaluated for its antioxidant xxx and cytotoxic potential by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay and Potato disc antitumor (PDA) assay respectively.The CME of D. ramosa showed maximum free radical scavenging potential (IC5088.67±0.73 µg/mL) followed by CME of Q. leucotricophora(IC5095.51±0.19µg/mL)and R. brunonii (IC50131.41±0.18 µg/mL). CME of A. flavum and B. biternata showed minimum free radical scavenging potential. The crude extract of R. brunonii showed highest cytotoxicity against Brine shrimps than all other crude extracts at all concentrations tested.The maximum antitumor potential was shown by crude extract of R. brunonii(IC50 655.65µg/mL) followed by D. ramosa (IC50 790.51µg.mL) and A. flavum (IC50 825.94 µg/mL).The CME of D. ramosa and R. brunonii were subjected to polarity based solvent-solvent fractionation. All fractions [n-hexan fraction (nHF), Chloroform fraction (CF), Ethl acetate fraction (EF) and Aqueous fraction (AF)] so obtained were assessed for antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The maximum antioxidant potential was showed by EF of D. ramosa (IC50 57.85±0.24µg/mL) followed by AF of same plant (IC50 108.98±0.28µg/mL). The EF of R. brunonii showed maximum cytotoxicity (LD50405.43±4.8µg/mL) followed by AF of D. ramosa (LD50830.95±2.0µg/mL). The maximum tumor inhibition in PDA was showed by EF of R. brunonii(753.68±0.48µg/mL) followed by AF of D. ramosa (793.23±0.31µg/mL) and EF of D. ramosa (834.99±0.24µg/mL). In comparison with control, the vincristine a well-known antitumor pure compound showed IC50 232.34±0.58µg/mL. The EF and AF of D. ramosa and EF of R. brunonii were subjected to different chromatographic techniques (CC, HPLC, TLC, PTLC etc.) in order to isolate pure compounds. Iriflophenone-3-C-β-D- glucopyranoside, xxxi Mangiferrin, iso-mangiferrin and Astragalin were isolated from selected fractions D. ramosawhile Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, Kampferol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside and Tilirosidewere isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of R. brunonii. The structure of isolated compounds were determine by UV-Vis spectroscopy, MS, FT-IR, 1-D NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT) and 2-D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC). All the isolated compounds showed high antioxidant potential except tiliroside (IC50923.67± 0.86µg/mL) while tiliroside showed excellent cytotoxic potential (LD5050.42± 0.88µg/mL). This is the first report of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and isolation of compounds from D. ramosa and R. brunonii to the best of our knowledge. Further in-vivo and in-vitro testing of these isolated compounds is recommended. They may prove to be the potential future drugs.
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