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۲۔ اعتراف

اعتراف

میں دو دیوتائوں کا بھگت

جنھوں نے میرا بخت چمکایا

پہلا دیوتا جس کا مندر

جیسا باہر ویسا اندر

جہاں محبت کی شمعیں جلتی ہیں

درد کے سنکھ بجتے ہیں

جس کی کشتِ سخن زرخیز ہے

جس میں گلاب و سمن مہکتے ہیں

اور مرغانِ خوش نوا چہکتے ہیں

میرے اندر کے تار بجتے ہیں

مجھے ذوقِ ادب کا خزانہ دیا

لکھنا، پڑھنا، بولنا سکھایا

اظہار و بیان کا سلیقہ سمجھایا

پھر میں ایک ایسے دیوتا کے سپرد ہوا

جس کا مندر دیوتائوں کاعجائب گھر

جہاں شعور و فکر کے دیپ جلتے ہیں

جہاں علم و سخن کے گَجر بجتے ہیں

جس نے میری تپسیا کو بھاگ لگائے

میرے لفظ و معانی کو راگ دیے

میری سوچ کو پر لگائے

لفظوں کے جنگل سے خیال و معنی کے پھول چننے کا سلیقہ سکھایا

مجھے تو دوئی راس آگئی

یعنی مجھے پیاس بھا گئی

حقوق نسواں کا عالمی معاہدہ اور شریعت اسلامیہ: تقابلی مطالعہ CEDAW

Women are confronted with a lot of problems. In different parts of the world, some social and cultural attitudes still discourage the women from getting their established and assigned rights. The factors which are responsible for this phenomenon include societal norms, orthodoxy and some social customs contrary to islamic instructions. For instance, discrimination against women could be in terms of inadequate nutrition, denial or limited access to education, health and property rights, child labor, domestic violence and forceful marriage. So far as the Islamic instructions are concerned, these are derived from Quran and Sunnah and clearly describe women’s rights but, due to some socio-religious customs and undesirable behaviors the societal status and role of women have been badly affected. An international document, the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women also lists the rights of all girls and women. CEDAW recommends that all discriminations against girls and women must be ended. In this paper, the terms have been analyzed in the context of islamic instructions and teachings, in order to provide academic material for bringing positive change in the society.

Structural and Optical Modulations of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor: Titanium Dioxide Tio 2

Structural and Optical Modulations of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor: Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is a very interesting material due to its number of applications, e.g., high dielectric constant, photocatalytic application. The photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 was first demonstrated in 1972. TiO 2 has a wide band gap (3.0 - 3.2 eV), thus most of the absorption occurs in the UV range, where solar spectrum consists of only 5 - 8%. It is of immense importance to enhance its photocatalytic activity in the visible part of the solar spectrum. This requires band gap tailoring, which can be achieved by doping. However, finding a suitable dopant for TiO 2 is quite critical. In the present work, structural properties and chemical composition of the Nd doped sputter deposited TiO 2 thin films were studied by varying the Nd concentrations from 0 to 2 at. % using RF sputtering. The results suggested that the incorporation of Nd produced stresses in lattice, which shifted diffraction peaks to a lower 2θ values, reduction in crystallite size, elongation of lattice along c-axis and specific texturing along (004) plane. Raman spectroscopy also confirmed asymmetry of bonds. Theoretical modeling of structure was also performed using VESTA code. SEM images confirmed the transformation of faceted to planar surface. XPS showed the presence of O vacancies and non-stoichiometry in films with increased dopant concentration. V doping in the TiO 2 films also displayed interesting results as V existed in many oxidation states with different ionic radii. With the addition of V, preferential growth along (211) plane occurred. The morphology was transformed from faceted to small elongated grains as the concentration of V increased. The substitution of V in place of Ti made the V−O bonds asymmetrical, which created stress to modify the crystallite and grain sizes. XPS showed low binding energy (L.B.E.) shift and an increase in the (D) B.E. difference of Ti-2p doublet peaks, which was due to increased nonstoichiometry in the films. This was also attributed to the substitution of V in the V 3+ and V 5+ states. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the increase in nonstoichiometry, phonon confinement, and asymmetry in the bonding with the increase in V concentration. This was also evident in the PL spectra, where strong xicontributions came from the states associated with V 5+ and V 3+ and dominated the spectra on oxygen vacancies (OV) and defect associated PL. Finally, the role of oxygen concentration and doping concentration in affecting the structural, phase transformation and chemical composition was studied using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Oxygen partial pressure was varied from 100 mtorr (O 2 rich) to 0 mtorr (O 2 absent) and three concentrations of Nd were used as 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 at.%. With the variation of oxygen and dopant concentrations, a sequence of phase transformations was observed. This also reduced the crystallite size and caused the film thickness to reduce. A reduction of Ti (Ti 4+ to Ti 3+ ) was observed and emergence of the O vacancies and consequently generation of nonstoichiometry in TiO 2 lattice, which resulted in the short range ordering of the TiO 2 structure. The present work suggested that the incorporation of Nd inhibits the phase transformation, which can be allowed by increasing the oxygen partial pressures.
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