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نادار لوگ

نادار لوگ

                عبداللہ حسین کا یہ ناول"نادار لوگ"ایک تاریخی ناول ہے اور اس میں نو آبادیاتی عہد میں اقدار اور سماجی رویوں کے ساتھ ساتھ معاشرے کے پسے ہوئے  طبقے کے استحصال کو نمایاں کرنے کی ایک اہم کاوش ہے۔پاکستان کی تاریخ ادب کے تناظر میں کیا تھی ،ہمیں ان کے اس ناول میں پتہ چلتی ہے۔ناول میں 1947ء کے بعد کے حالات و واقعات یعنی تقسیم کے بعد کن حالات سے گزرنا پڑا، کن واقعات کو برداشت کرنا پڑا اور وہ واقعات جو سیاست اور معاشرتی زندگی کی سطح پر رونما ہوئے اور ان کے کیا نتائج رہے یعنی لوگوں پر کس طرح اثر انداز ہوئے۔ انہیں ناولوں میں موضوع بنایا گیا ہے۔ ملک کی آزادی سے لے کر بہت سے مسائل سامنے آنا شروع ہو گئے تھے۔

                ایسے مسائل جنہوں نے پہلے ہی دن بنیادوں کو ہلا کر رکھ دیا تھا۔ مہاجرین جو دربدر ہوگئے  تھے۔ان کی آباد کاری کا مسئلہ، اثاثہ جات کی تقسیم کا مسئلہ، اس کے علاوہ اقتصادی اور انتظامی مسائل ایسے مسائل تھے جن سے جڑیں کھوکھلی ہو گئی تھیں۔اس وقت جب کہ انصاف کی ضرورت تھی ا س سے لا علمی کا  مظاہرہ کرتے ہوئے جب بد عنوانی کی گئی تو اس نے شروع ہی سے ملک میں نا انصافی اور بد امنی کے بیج بودیے تھے جو کہ آج ایک تن آور درخت بن چکے ہیں۔ جعلی الائنمنٹ کا بازار گرم رہا اور حق تلفیاں ہوئیں جبکہ جاگیردار جو اعلیٰ عہدوں پر فائز تھے۔انہیں  پہلے سے بھی زیادہ خوشحال کر دیا گیا۔ اس سے بدعنوانی کی جو فضا قائم ہوئی اس نے محکوم طبقہ کو بالکل کس مپر سی کی زندگی گزارنے پر مجبور کر دیا۔خون کے وہ دھبے صرف کپڑوں پر نہ لگے تھے بلکہ دل و دماغ...

COMPARISON OF REGIONAL MANUAL THERAPY AND STANDARD PHYSICAL THERAPY INTERVENTION IN FEMALES WITH SACROILIAC JOINT PAIN

Background and Aim: Sacroiliac joint pain is localized in the region of sacroiliac joint which can be increased by stress and provocation tests of the joint. Aim of this study was to compare two interventions for reduction of sacroiliac joint pain. Methodology: Study design was randomized clinical trial. Study was conducted in bajwah hospital and children polyclinic Lahore. Duration of study was six months. The total sample size was 64 patients. Females of 20-50 years old with diagnosed sacroiliac joint pain were included in this study. Compression and distraction objective tests were performed for further confirmation of sacroiliac joint pain.  Purposive sampling technique was used. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and Oswestry low back disability questionnaire (ODI) were used to collect the data. Exclusion criteria was females with fractures and other abnormalities of spine. Results: Results showed that both groups were equal when assessed on baseline by normality test colmogorov-smirnova. Independent t test was applied to compare the mean value of NPRS. Pretreatment mean of NPRS scale for both the regional treatment and standard treatment groups was 7.After 4 weeks NPRS of regional treatment group was 4 and of standard treatment group was 7. The mean value of pretreatment ODI for regional treatment group was 33 and for standard treatment group was 34.After 4 weeks ODI of regional treatment group was 24 and mean of standard treatment group was 27. Conclusion: It is concluded that after giving equal sessions to both groups when results were assessed regional treatment is more effective than standard treatment.

Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth and Yield of Sugar Beet Beta Vulgaris L

Salinity is a serious threat to agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The situation is also critical and alarming in the Sindh Province of Pakistan, where more than 35% of the irrigated area is salt-affected. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of soil salinity on growth, beet yield and juice quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Sugar beet is salt-tolerant, short duration and low delta crop as compared to other sugar crops including sugarcane. A series of four experiments was conducted by involving ten sugar beet genotypes, viz. California, Ernestina, Magnolia, Mirabella, Sandrina, SD-12970, SDPAK 03/06, SDPAK 01/07, SDPAK 07/07 and SD PAK 09/07. These genotypes were tested against a wide range of salinity. In first study, sugar beet plants were stressed with five salinity levels (control, 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS m-1). The effect of EC 4 and 8 (dS m-1) was found to be encouraging on almost all the measured growth, yield and juice quality traits. Thereafter, EC 8 (dS m-1) salinity showed declining effect on these parameters. Increasing salinity consistently increased the accumulation of osmo-protectant (proline), Na+ and Cl- ions in leaves. In contrast increasing salinity showed decreasing trend for K+ and K+/ Na+ ratio. The sugar beet genotypes California, SDPAK 09/07, SDPAK 03/06, SDPAK 01/07 showed better performance by acquiring less Na+, more K+, high K+/Na+ ratio and considerable amount of leaf proline under salt-stress environment. In second study the same ten genotypes were tested against similar salinity levels on silty clay loam and clay soils. Irrespective of soil texture as against control, like I in study 2, the salinity of EC 4 and 8 (dS m-1) did not show negative effect on growth, beet yield and juice quality. Generally, the difference between two soil textures was significant for these traits at almost all salinity levels. Compared to silty clay loam soil, the negative effect of salinity on sugar beet plants in clay soil was associated with higher Na+ and lower leaf K+/Na+ ratio. These genotypes were ranked on the basis of salt-tolerance traits index (STTI). In clayey soil, the ranking of sugar beet genotypes was: Ernestina > Magnolia > SD PAK 09/07 >Mirabella > California > Sandrina > SDPAK 03/06 > SD PAK 01/07 > SDPAK 07/07 > SD-12970 at EC 12 and 16 dS m-1. In silty clay loam soil, the ranking was SDPAK 03/06 > California > SDPAK 09/07 > SDPAK 01/07 > Mirabella > Ernestina > Sandrina > Magnolia > SD-12970 > SDPAK 07/07 at same salinity levels. The next set of pot and field trials (Study 3 and 4) was conducted involving a saline soil (EC 9 dS m-1) to determine the effect of two different planting techniques (direct and transplanting) on sugar beet growth, yield, quality and ions content. Transplanted beet plants performed better over directly planted dry seed under both pot and field studies in terms of some growth, development (number of leaves, fresh and dry leaf weight), ion content (Na+ K+, Cl- and K+/Na+ ratio) and juice quality traits (brix %, pol % and sugar recovery %).Transplantation under field condition did not show improvement in beet and sugar yields as it showed in pot conditions. The genotypes SDPAK 09/07, SDPAK 01/07, California, SDPAK 03/06 and SD-12970 performed better in both pot and field experiments. These studies concluded that salinity of EC 4 and 8 (dS m-1) did not reduce growth, beet yield and juice quality of sugar beet. In general, genotypes California, SDPAK 09/07, SDPAK 03/06, SDPAK 01/07 performed better in all four studies by displaying less Na+, more K+, higher K+/Na+ ratio and synthesis of considerable amount of proline in overall salinity levels as against their counterparts. Silty clay loam soil was superior over clay soil for obtaining more beet yield and better quality juice.
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