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بادِ صبا کا وعدہ کر کے اپنے ہاتھ میں
بادِ صبا کا وعدہ کر کے اپنے ہاتھ میں
اُس نے ہمیں تھما د ی ہے طوفاں سی زندگی
The Preservation and Authenticity of Ḥadīth As a Source of Sīrah: A Critique of Robert Spencer’S Views on Historicity of Muḥammad
The account of the deeds and sayings of the prophet (ﷺ) has been carefully preserved since the dawn of Islam. This is what actually led Ernest Renan to believe that “[Islam] was born in the full light of history”, and that the life of Muḥammad (ﷺ) can be known as explicitly as that of any sixteenth century reformer. Notwithstanding, some contemporary writers doubt the historicity of Muḥammad (ﷺ) ; Robert Spencer is one of them. He is an American author. He is quite famous for his criticism of Islam and the prophet of Islam. He has published twelve books so far. He is a member of Melkite Greek Catholic Church. He contends that Muḥammad’s (ﷺ) historical value is in no way greater and more reliable than mythological figures or characters such as Robin Hood and Macbeth. He maintains that the very idea of subjecting the traditionally accepted account of the life of Muḥammad (ﷺ) and the origins of Islam will be regarded by many Muslims as an affront. To substantiate his argument, he rigorously criticizes the historical value of ḥadīth. He argues that aḥādīth were fabricated and compiled in the third century. He maintains that aḥādīth were concocted much later to be used as weapons in political strife and religious controversies. This paper is an academic attempt to prove that aḥādīth were painstakingly preserved and for that purpose various techniques were employed. Besides, it also sheds light on the reasons for the fabrication of aḥādīth and the ways and means utilized for sifting the genuine aḥādīth from forgeries. Findings of this article suggest that the minute details of the life of Muḥammad (ﷺ) have been scrupulously preserved; hence aḥādīth can be used as a reliable source of Sīrah.Hybrid Technique to Detect the Black Hole Attack in the Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Manets
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organized wireless networks without any central administration like Base Station (BS) or Access Point (AP). Due to the dynamic and open operational environment of these networks, malicious user gains the opportunity to initiate different types of attacks. Black Hole (BH) is a packet dropping attack in which malicious node deceives the source by advertising a fake shortest path to the destination and drops most of the packets. From the previous two decades a lot of research has been conducted by researchers to detect and prevent black hole attack in MANETs. Redundant route replies and comparison of the destination sequence number with a threshold value are two effective methods for detection and prevention these attacks. Both solutions are not effective autonomously so in this proposed research both techniques are combined to strengthen the black hole attack detection and prevention process.Journals by Discipline
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