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خطۂ سیالکوٹ میں اردو شاعری کی روایت

سیالکوٹ ایک تاریخی اور ادبی خطہ  رہا ہے۔ اس کی تاریخ پانچ ہزار سال پر محیط ہے۔یہ خطہ  جغرافیائی لحاظ سے اس مقام پر واقع ہے جہاں کئی آبی گذرگاہیں ہیں۔ کشمیر اور پنجاب کے دیگر تجارتی شہروں سے اس کا قریبی رابطہ ہے۔ سیالکوٹ تاریخی، ثقافتی، سماجی، تہذیبی، علمی اور ادبی لحاظ سے لاہور اور دوسرے ادبی، ثقافتی، تہذیبی، تاریخی اور علمی شہروں سے کسی طور پر بھی کم نہیں۔ اس شہر کی ثقافت توانائی اور رنگا رنگی لیے ہوئے ہے۔ یہاں کے میلے ٹھیلے، روایتی تہوار اور دیگر ثقافتی سرگرمیاں اس  خطے  کو  ہمیشہ ممتاز کرتی رہی ہیں۔ 

سیالکوٹ کو اقبال و فیض کے مولد ہونے کا  لا زوال فخر حاصل ہے۔  یہ ایک صنعتی شہر ہے ۔اس کی آبادی  تقریباً تیس  لاکھ سے  زیادہ نفوس پر مشتمل ہے سر زمین  سیالکوٹ صدیوں  کی انسانی تہذیب و تمدن اور ادب و ثقافت کا عظیم الشان گہوارہ ہے۔ اس دھرتی کے تاریخی آثار  مدت سے مورخین و ماہرین آثار قدیمہ کی دلچسپی کا سامان بھی رہے ہیں۔ یہاں کی تہذیب ٹیکسلا اور موہنجو ڈارو کی تہذیبوں کے ہم پلہ ہے۔

   سیالکوٹ  کی مٹی بڑی زرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے۔سرزمین سیالکوٹ نے علم و ادب اور فنون لطیفہ  کے  میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سرانجام دی ہیں۔ اس خطے کے باشندوں  نے پاکستان کی صنعتی  و اقتصادی ترقی کے ساتھ ساتھ علم و فن کی خدمت بھی جاری رکھی۔ ماضی میں ملا کمال کشمیری، ملا عبدالحکیم  سیالکوٹی،  امین حزیں سیالکوٹی، اثر صہبائی، مرزا ریاض  اور غلام الثقلین نقوی نے علمی وادبی  حوالے سے سیالکوٹ کا نام روشن کیا۔ مولوی میر حسن، مولوی ابراہیم  میر، ڈاکٹر جمشید راٹھور اور یوسف سلیم چشتی نے علم کی پیاس بجھائی۔ڈاکٹر  وحیدقریشی سیالکوٹ کے ادبی ماحول کے بارے میں رقمطراز ہیں۔

”دینی...

Liberal Narrative in Pakistan about India, and its Effect on Universities Students’ Perception towards Terrorism

The key objective of this paper is to find the relationship between the liberal narratives in Pakistan on relationship with India and its effects on universities students’ perception of terrorism. There is a consensus among some prominent scholars that right wing political parties, security establishment and big media houses are producing a kind of national security narrative based on the troika; India as security threat to Pakistan, Islam as rallying cry for national cohesion, and support from great powers to finance ambitious security dominated foreign policy about the neighboring countries that does not help in counter-terrorism at home. This paper has adopted quantitative research method. It is a descriptive study and data was collected from four major public sector universities through survey questionnaires. The liberal narrative on India is weaker in Punjab on all issues. The findings of liberal narratives on India reject the claims of existing literature that there is a positive relationship between liberal narrative about India in Pakistan and counter-terrorism measures in FATA. Three variables researched in case study of Afghanistan reject the existing literature that there is a positive relationship between liberal narrative and counter-terrorism measures.

Use of Adaptive Cluster Sampling under Different Sampling Designs

In this dissertation, a class of Hartley Ross type unbiased estimators is proposed for estimation of finite population mean under adaptive cluster sampling and stratified adaptive cluster sampling. Hartley Ross type unbiased estimator is also proposed utilizing two auxiliary variables. These estimators employ information on known parameters of the auxiliary variable. The variances of proposed class of unbiased estimators are obtained up to first degree of approximation. Computations related to proposed estimators are illustrated via numerical example. Proposed estimators are more efficient than the usual mean estimator, ratio and modified ratio estimators in adaptive cluster sampling and stratified adaptive cluster sampling under certain realistic conditions. Exponential-ratio-type and difference-type estimators are propounded for general parameter in adaptive cluster sampling and stratified adaptive cluster sampling. The proposed estimators coherently utilize information on two auxiliary variables in three different situations i-e. none, partial and full information about population parameters of auxiliary variables. The proposed estimators for general parameter can be used to estimate the population mean, population coefficient of variation, population standard deviation and population variance of the variable of interest. Proposed estimators are also presented to be used with multi auxiliary variables. Difference-type estimators are recommended for estimation of population coefficient of variation under adaptive cluster sampling. Proposed estimators utilize mean, ranks and coefficient of variation of auxiliary variables. Difference-type and difference-cum-exponential-ratio-type estimators are presented utilizing two auxiliary variables for estimation of general parameter under adaptive cluster sampling and stratified adaptive cluster sampling. These estimators utilize auxiliary information in terms of ranks, variances and means of auxiliary variables. Such estimators are generalized for multi auxiliary variables. xviii Generalized ratio-type and ratio-exponential-type estimators are proposed for population mean under adaptive cluster sampling based on modified Horvitz-Thompson estimator. The proposed estimators utilize auxiliary information in combination of conventional measures (coefficient of skewness, coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, covariance, coefficient of kurtosis) and robust measures (tri-mean, Hodges-Lehmann, mid-range) to increase efficiency. Finally, three new sampling schemes are proposed to select initial sample in adaptive cluster sampling. These schemes are proposed adopting, ranked set sampling to increase precision of estimates. Usual Hansen-Hurwitz and Horvitz-Thompson estimators for population mean under adaptive cluster sampling are modified for employment under the proposed schemes. Procedures related to the proposed schemes are also illustrated with the help of examples. Expressions for bias and mean square error of proposed estimators are derived using first order of approximation. Empirical and simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the proposed estimators. Behaviors of existing and proposed estimators are analyzed for several initial sample sizes and at different levels of correlation between study and auxiliary variables. Comparisons of existing and proposed estimators are also illustrated. The results reveal that whenever the efficiency conditions are fulfilled, proposed estimators performed more efficiently than competing estimators for estimation of population mean, population variance and population coefficient of variation. The proposed estimators are found to be more efficient under both adaptive cluster sampling and stratified adaptive cluster sampling. The sampling schemes which are recommended by adopting ranked set sampling are found to be more efficient than adaptive cluster sampling when initial sample is drawn by simple random sampling without replacement.
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