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Chapter 2: Services of Theologians of Sindh

Introduction

In the Indo-Pak sub-continent, Sindh is the first of the zones where the advent of Islām was the earliest. Historically, the scholars here did a great work of intellect and research. In the year 270 A. H/883A. D, due to internal disturbance, so many small states came into being. [1]

            Out of these, the state of Manṣūrah was taken over by the Ḥubārī tribe. Muslim ruler ‘Abdallāh bin ‘Umar Ḥubārī of Manṣūrah had sent a scholar to Hindū Rājāh of Alvar on his request who presented the translation of the Qur’ān in his court. This incident narrated by the famous historian Buzurg Bin Shehr Yār has also been endorsed by renowned historians of the sub-continent. [2]But nothing with certainty can be said about the symmetrical order and the dictation of this translation, however, it is certain that the honor of translating the Qur’ān the first of all lies with Sindh. [3]

            In the era of Arghaun and Tarkhān, Makhdūm Nūḥ Hālāe’ (d:998 A. H/1589A. D) properly translated the Qur’ān in Persian which has become available in secured form despite the varying times. [4]

            This translation, with the efforts and research of ‘Allāma Muṣṭafā Qāsmī (d:1424A. H/2003A. D) has been published by Sindh Literary Board Ḥyderābād. This translation was compiled even earlier than the translation of famous researcher Shāh Walī Allāh(d:1176A. H/1762A. D). In this regard, we are justified to opine that in the sub-continent the honor of the first translation in the Persian language also goes to Sindh. In that period, a movement among the Sindhī Scholars emerged that the Islamic literature and art be documented in the mother tongue Sindhī so that a...

Comparative Analysis of Municipal Powers in Karachi

This study aims to draw a comparative analysis of the powers of local governments in Karachi. The subject of local government structure and its authority has become more important in the current local scenario. The findings of the study reveal that in past successive civilian governments in Pakistan did not pay attention to developing a solid local government system and instead preferred controlling districts and tehsils through the bureaucracy, with the absence of democracy and accountability at the local level. Instead of using this third tier of the government for the delivery of swift and better municipal services, they always made an effort to keep them weakened through legislation at different levels. The situation has now got worst in the biggest city and economic hub of Pakistan where people are deprived of basic facilities due to a handicapped system. The Mayor of the biggest city of Pakistan felt powerless as the provincial government through the Sindh Local Government Act 2013 deprived the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation of its main functions. The local bodies will have to be given the authority and essential powers. Only then these institutions can be made capable of providing basic services to the people.

Formulation, Development and Cosmeceutical Evaluation of Creams on Human Skin Containing Natural Phenolics

Natural antioxidants acquired from natural plants seek considerable attention to cure various ailments including acne, melasma, itching, inflammation, dry skin, atopic dermatitis and aging because synthetic agents have numerous side effects. The current study was aimed to fabricate and stabilize the novel carrier system in the form of topical water-in-oil emulsions (creams); encapsulated with natural extracts of Ananas comosus (F1), Amomum subulatum(F2) andSyzygium cumini (F3) having comparable antioxidant activities, their in-vitrocharacterization and in-vivo evaluation on human volunteers.The extracts of Ananas comosus, Amomum subulatum and Syzygium cuminiwere effectively prepared and investigated for their biological activities. The antioxidant activities of all the extracts were analyzed using1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical method while ascorbic acid was used as a standard antioxidant. The total phenolic contents were determined in all fruit extracts using Folin-Ciocalteu’s (FC) method.Antibacterial activities of all extracts were estimated by measuring zones of inhibition against two species of gram positive bacteria and three species of gram negative bacteria using agar well diffusion method. Stable water-in-oilemulsions (creams); F1, F2, F3were formulated using different concentrations of paraffin oil, water and non-ionic emulsifying agent i.e. polysiloxane polyalkyl polyether copolymer (Abil ® EM 90) versus respective bases B1, B2, B3 (without fruit extracts).In-vitro characterization of the formed emulsions F1, F2, F3 and their respective bases B1, B2, B3 were based on to assess the changes on physical stability parameters (color, liquefaction, centrifugation,viscosity and rheological parameters)when stored at different temperatures i.e. 8°C, 25°C, 40°C, 40°C ± 75% RH and 50°C and time intervals for a period of 90 days as per stability study guidelines. In-vivo evaluation was based on to scrutinize the effects of formulationsF1, F2, F3 and respective bases B1, B2, B3 on various skin parameters including skin irritancy, melasma, sebum contents, moisture contents, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin elasticity on human male volunteers for a study period of 12 weeks using photometric device in a draught free room with modulated conditions of temperature (22-25 0 C) and humidity (55-60%). The study was single blinded, controlled, split face with 3-groups (F1, F2, F3) containing 11 volunteers each. Statistical tools of ANOVA test and paired sample t-test were used to evaluate the changes produced. The results of antioxidant activities of formulations F1, F2, F3 were 92.0%, 89.0% and 81.0% respectively. Selected formulations F1, F2, F3 as well as respective bases B1, B2,xxiii B3remained stable at all storage conditionswith respect to color, liquefaction, centrifugation,viscosity and rheology as desired for 12 weeksin vitro study period.All the samples manifested shear thinning behavior with increasing shear rate indicating pseudoplastic flow of the formed emulsions. It was evident from the results of in-vivo studies that no primary skin irritancy was observed with patch test. Besides that, statistical interpretation indicatedthat treatment with formulations F1, F2, F3 was superior as compare to respective bases B1, B2, B3 because it significantly (p≤0.05) reduced the skin irritancy,melasma, sebum and TEWL contents throughout the study period while significantly (p≤0.05) improves the epidermal hydration level and skin elasticity at the end of study period compares to baseline value. Conclusively, formulations F1, F2 and F3 encapsulated with natural antioxidants exhibit better physicochemical stability at all storage conditions and was well tolerated by all volunteers and suitable to treat contact dermatitis, greasy skin, acne, seborrheic dermatitis and augmenting beauty and attraction by depigmentation of human skin and represent a propitious improvement in skin barrier function and used as a functional moisturizing and anti-aging ingredient in topical skincare products. So, in future there is need to clinically evaluate these formulations in patients with compromised skin functions i.e. contact dermatitis, melasma, acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis in order to explore the actual potential of these fruits.
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