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اردو فکشن میں جدید اصناف

اُردو فِکشن میں جدید اصناف

(مائیکرو فکشن،افسانچہ،فلیش فکشن کا تحقیقی جائزہ)

منیرعباس سپرا،پی ایچ ڈی سکالر

انسان کو شروع سے ہی کہانی سے دلچسپی رہی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ بھی اتنی ہی قدیم ہوگی جتنی انسان کی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ انسانی زندگی اور اس کی بڑھتی ہوئی پیچیدگیوں کی تاریخ ہوتی ہے جس میں انسان کے کارناموں کی روداد ہوتی ہے جس میں اس نے اپنے ماحول معاشرے کی کسی قوت سے مقابل اگر کامیابی حاصل کی ہو ۔یہی کہانی انسان کے احساس برتری کی تسکین کا ذریعہ بنتی ہے اور اس طرح کہانی کا تعلق ہماری فطرت سے بھی ہے۔

کہانی دنیا کا قدیم ترین فن ہے انسانی قوت تخلیق نے سب سے پہلے قصہ کی تخلیق کی اور داستان قصہ گوئی کی شکل میں موجود تھی پھر قصے کہانیوں نے جدید عہد کے علائق تک انسان کے ساتھ ہی کہانی نے بھی بہت سے مراحل طے کیے داستان گوئی سے ناول ،ناولٹ اور افسانے سے مختصر کہانیوں (مائیکرو فکشن ،افسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن) کی طرف اردو فکشن کا یہ ارتقائی سفر جارہی ہے کیونکہ فکشن میں یہ تغیر تبدل ادب کے ارتقاء کیلئے ناگزیر ہے ارتقاء کا یہی سفر سماج میں بھی جاری رہتا ہےپہلے کی نسبت لوگوں کے پاس فرصت کے لمحات کم ہیں مشینی، صنعتی اور ٹیکنالوجی کی ترقی نے لوگوں کو مصروف کردیا ہےاسی مصروفیت کی حالت میں لوگ ادب سے بھی لطف اندوز ہونا چاہتے ہیں اسی لیے عام قارئین داستان ناول وغیرہ کی ضخیم کتب کی بجائے کم وقت میں کہانیوں سے وہی لذت کشید کرنے کیلئے مختصر کہانیوں( مائیکرو فکشن ،ا فسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن وغیرہ) کی طرف راغب ہو رہے ہیں آج کے ٹیکنالوجی ،مشینی اور گلوبلا ئزیشن کے دور میں معمولیات زندگی میں...

حروف مقطعات کے حوالے سے مستشرق نولڈ یکے اور آٹو لوتھ کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Mystical letters are among the miracles of Quran. These mystical letters are present at the start of Quranic Surah’s (Chapters). These are among the mutashabihat (Analogies) of Quran. Muslim scholars tried to define their meanings. Like other aspects of Quran and Hadith orientalists talk about mystical letters of the Quran. This article analyses the theories of Noldeke and Otto Loth regarding mysterious letters of Quran. What are their views about mystical letters of the Quran? Are their views according to the Islamic point of view of mystical letters? What are the deviations and differences as compared to traditional Islamic point of view of mystical letters? This research has been analytical by nature, both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented.  Analyses of the views of both of the scholars in the light of traditional Islamic concept of mystical letters, shows that Orientalists including Noldeke and Otto Loth thought that mystical letters are not the part of revelation. According to them these are the names of the sources from which different chapters of the Quran had been taken during its compilation. These are on the same pattern as mystical letters are present in the Jewish books. Holy Prophet had copied them. The present study argues that Quran being the book of Lord is unchanged and mystical letters are a part of it. It is further highlighted that even some orientalists argue that the opinion of Noldeke and Otto Loth is not correct.

A Study of Relationship Between Organizational Climate And Job Satisfaction of School Teachers at Primary Level

The study aimed at finding out the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among government primary school teachers in District Rawalpindi. The study was based on the following objectives: to find out the factors of organizational climate of primary school teachers, to find out the level of job satisfaction of primary school teachers, to identify the relationship of organizational climate with job satisfaction among primary school teachers, to find out the difference of various demographic variables with respect to qualification, age and experience in organizational climate of primary school teachers, and to determine the difference regarding of various demographic variables such as qualification, age and experience on job satisfaction of primary school teachers. The study was delimited to female govt. primary school teachers of Tehsil Rawalpindi. Population of the study consisted of total 1910 female government primary school teachers working in 160 Government Primary schools located in Tehsil Rawalpindi. Simple random sampling technique was used. Four hundred female govt. primary school teachers were selected randomly as sample of the study. Two questionnaires each for assessing organizational climate and job satisfaction of teachers were modified by the researcher with the help of supervisor. Then these were validated through pilot-testing. The researcher collected the data herself. Collected data was analyzed by using SPPS version 16. Major conclusions of the study were: There was significant positive relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among primary school teachers. On the basis of conclusions following recommendations are made: Production emphasis has an important role in the success of any organization so it is recommended that head teachers should focus on production emphasis in their schools as their first and foremost priority. Head teachers and teachers should also focus on intimacy, esprit, consideration and thrust in their schools. Their school climate should be free from aloofness, disengagement and hindrance behavior of head teachers and teachers. Job satisfaction plays a key role in any organization. It is recommended that top management attitude should be positive, appreciative, welcoming and rewarding for teachers. Promotion possibilities and good pay structure should be given priority in order to get better results.
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