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بیوقوف شخص

بیوقوف شخص

اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ کسے پنڈ وچ کسے بندے نے بہت وڈے رقبے وچ تربوز کاشت کیتے ہوئے سن۔ تربوز نوں منڈی تک لے جاون لئی اوہنے اک اونٹ وچ رکھیا ہویا سی۔ اوہ تربوز دی گڈ بھر دے تے اونٹ اوس گڈ نوں کھچ کے منڈی لے جاندا۔ اونٹ بڑا موٹا تازہ سی تے مالکاں اوس دا ناں بلو رکھیا ہویا سی۔ مالکاں نے اپنے اونٹ دی دیکھ بھال لئی اک نوکر رکھیا ہویا سی جو بہت بیوقوف سی۔ کئی وار اوہ اونٹ نوں پٹھے پانا بھل جاندا۔ کئی وار اونٹ نوں پانی پلانا تے چھاویں بنھنا بھل جاندا۔ اوس دے مالک اوس دی ایس عادت توں بہت تنگ سی۔

اک دن نوکر اونٹ نوں اکلا چھڈ کے کتے باہر کم چلا گیا۔ اونٹ تربوز دے کھیتاں اندر وڑ گیا تے تربوز کھانے تے خراب کرنے شروع کر دتے۔ اچانک اک تربوز اونٹ دے گلے وچ پھس گیا۔ جدوں مالک نے ویکھیا تاں بہت پریشان ہویا۔ فیر اوس اک چادر لئی تے اوس نوں اونٹ دی گردن دوالے لوپٹ دتا۔ ایس توں بعد اک ڈنڈا پھڑ کے اونٹ دی گردن اتے زور نال ماریا۔ جس پاروں اونٹ دے گلے وچ پھسیا تربوز ٹٹ گیا۔ اونٹ نے کجھ تربوز نگل لیا تے کجھ منہ توں باہر کڈھ دتا۔ انج اونٹ دا ساہ سوکھا ہویا۔ اوہ بیوقوف بندہ ایہہ سارا کجھ ویکھ رہیا سی۔ مالک نے اوہنوں نوکری توں جواب دے دتا تے اوہ اپنا سامان چک کے نال والے پنڈ اپڑ گیا۔

پنڈ پہنچ کے اوس نوں کئی گلہڑ دے مریض نظر آئے۔ اوس نے اپنے آپ نوں حکیم دسیا تے گلہڑ دا علاج کرن دا دسیا۔ پہلاں پنڈ والیاں اوس اتے اعتبار نہ کیتا۔ فیر کجھ دناں اوہناں نوں یقین ہو گیا کہ...

Selfhood and Creativity in Taufiq Rafat’s “Reflections”

Reconstruction of selfhood is a central theme of post-colonial writers. They strived hard to decolonize their lost identity through creative works. They consider revival of selfhood an elemental source for creative consciousness. It is a base for developing a pure creative thinking. In fact, a desire for reshaping selfhood and identity gave birth to post-colonial writings. Frantz Fanon emphasized on the need of complete rejection of colonial influence in order to attain autonomous self. He lays this responsibility of reviving selfhood on writers and most importantly on poets as they enjoy direct access to masses. Pakistani post-colonial writers particularly poets also tried to revive their splendid self through their writings. Taufiq Rafat coined “Pakistani idiom” to entitle a distinguished identity to Pakistani literary world as well as its dazzling culture. He sublimed Pakistani culture through his influential works. The present study also focuses on Taufiq Rafat‘s efforts to recover selfhood and a distinguished creative expression through his seminal poem “REFLECTIONS”. The analytical framework is borrowed from Fanon’s notion of reviving selfhood for autonomous expression by rejecting the colonial influence and by meticulously concentrating on indigenous culture. The close study of a poem ‘Reflections’ will highlight distinguished Pakistani culture and identity. It will also open new vistas for young researchers to explore in the area of selfhood and creative expression.

Biomineralization of Cadusafos in Agricultural Soils As Influenced by Co-Occurring Antimicrobial Agents

Cadusafos is a soil-applied pesticide presented as effective against a broad spectrum of nematodes and soil insects on several important crops worldwide. With respect to its toxicity, it is classified as a pesticide of Class I (highly hazardous to human health) and is regarded as ‘dangerous to the environment’ by the regulatory departments. Its presence in the terrestrial environment may pose serious health risks. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are the antimicrobial agents that are routinely used in a large number of contemporary consumer and healthcare products. A major fraction of TCS and TCC is washed down the drain after use, and ends up in agricultural soils by the application of biosolids and untreated and partially-treated wastewater. Since TCS and TCC are biocides that are designed to kill microorganisms, their co-occurrence with cadusafos may prolong the persistence of cadusafos in terrestrial environment and cause serious health problems. While living in the soil, the co-existing pesticide and the antimicrobial agents remain in close interaction with the soil constituents, and thus, the soil physicochemical properties may be of vital importance for determining the persistence of the pesticide in the terrestrial environment. Hence, a series of experiments was conducted by using three agricultural soils of different physicochemical properties to study the effect of TCS and TCC on the microbial activity by spiking with biodegradation of 14 14 C-glucose, and on C-cadusafos in adapted (the soil which was previously exposed to cadusafos) and unadapted (the natural soil without previous exposure to cadusafos) agricultural soils. The soils were spiked with 14C-glucose or 14C-cadusafos @ 5 μg/g and TCS @ 30, 90, 270 μg/g or TCC @ 50, 150 and 450 μg/g soil in different experiments. The soils were maintained at 48 and 65% of maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) and were incubated at 28 ± 1 oC up to 28 or 77 days in different experiments. The results revealed a similarity in pattern of biomineralization of 14 C-cadusafos in all the three tested soils. The moisture levels had little effect on biomineralization of well as of 14 14 14 C-glucose as C-cadusafos while soils differed significantly in their potential to degrade C-cadusafos, most likely due to variation in their physicochemical properties. Kinetic analysis revealed that biomineralization of 14 C-cadusafos followed a first order kinetics during the incubation time of the study. Moreover, biomineralization of 14 C-cadusafos was negatively affected by the antimicrobial agents, TCS and TCC, but with different degree of efficacy. The effect of TCS was highly significant and concentration dependent whereas, a very weak and negligible effect of TCC was recorded in the three soils. The TCS application at its highest level (270 μg/g) reduced biomineralization of 14C-glucose in the absence or presence of D-glucose up to 53.6 and 50.1%, respectively. The same dose of TCS caused reduction in 14C-cadusafos biomineralization by 58.4 and 57.4% in the unadapted (fresh) and adapted (conditioned with 14C-cadusafos) soils, respectively. A strong negative correlation was identified between some physicochemical properties (pH and organic matter) and the effect of TCS on biomineralization of 14 C-glucose or 14 C- cadusafos. These findings indicate a strong role of antimicrobial agents, like TCS, in prolonging the persistence of xenobiotics such as cadusafos. This may imply that in addition to investigating the biomineralization of pesticides in soil environment, the continual loading of antimicrobial agents must also be given the due attention. The unrestricted use of the carriers of antimicrobial agents, like biosolids and untreated wastewater, should be avoided for keeping the terrestrial environment safe and healthy. In this connection, if necessary, the laws may also be enacted for the restricted
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