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اسلم عارف

اسلم عارف (۱۹۴۲ء۔پ) پسرور کے ایک گاؤں بن باجوہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔(۱۰۰۱) اپنے وقت کے نظم،غزل اور قطعات کے اچھے شاعر ہیں۔ ان کے قطعات میں جدت پائی جاتی ہے۔ چند قطعات ملاحظہ ہوں:

قبر کے پھول            

اے حسینہ سنوارلے گیسو

 

%اشک کب تک بہائے گی

 

3قبر کے پھول سوکھ جائیں گے

 

-زندگی لوٹ کر نہ آئے گی

 

â۱۰۰۲)

آخری انسان                            

ایک مفلس بندۂ مزدور پر روئے گا کون

 

زندگی میں بھی اگرچہ بے سرو سامان تھا

 

مر کے لیکن رہ گیا اس طرح بے گورو کفن

 

جیسے اس دنیا کا بس یہ آخری انسان تھا

 

۱۰۰۳)

 ۱۰۰۱۔رخشہ نسیم،’’سیالکوٹ میں اردو شاعری‘‘(بیسویں صدی کے دوران )ص:۳۲

۱۰۰۲۔ایضاً،ص:۳۳

۱۰۰۳۔ایضاً،ص:۳۴

 

Art and Architecture as A Space for Kalash Identity (A Case Study of Bumburet Valley in District Chitral Pakistan)

The present study was conducted in Bumburet valley of Kalash, District Chitral, Pakistan. The key technique used for data collection was participant observation in which the researcher lived in the community, observed and documented their cultural patterns as an indicator of their traditional culture which includes religious songs, folklore, dress, art and crafts, as a basis for identity. The basic purpose of the study was to understand the role and significance of arts and architecture as a prime tool for establishing identity for the conventional people of Kalash. The people of Kalash have managed to maintain their identity through their unique arts and crafts. Tradition resists change and most often remains unaltered in a static spatial arrangement. The changes which incorporate in Kalash traditions may find their way through peripheral adjustments. The traditions in art and crafts are scanty to find and the present artifacts does not throw any light on their origin. The art and architecture available signify their unique ways, and tradition which is definitely different from the other ethnic tribes in the shared geographical arrangement. The Kalash ethnic identity has faced several challenges like colonization in the past and modernization and technological advancement and conversion to Islam in the present. The Kalash insist on keeping their self-identity as well as participating in modernity. They have maintained their centuries old traditional culture, despite the fact of current globalization, and modernization.

A Clustering Based Indexing Technique of Modularized Ontologies for Information Retrieval

Indexing plays a vital role in Information Retrieval. With the availability of huge volume of information, it has become necessary to index the information in such a way to make easier for the end users tond the information they want e - ciently and accurately. Keyword-based indexing uses words as indexing terms. It is not capable of capturing the implicit relation among terms or the semantics of the words in the document. To eliminate this limitation, ontology-based indexing came into existence, which allows semantic based indexing to solve complex and indirect user queries. Ontologies are used for document indexing which allows semantic based information retrieval. Existing ontologies or the ones constructed from scratch are used presently for indexing. Constructing ontologies from scratch is a labor-intensive task and requires extensive domain knowledge whereas use of an existing ontology may leave some important concepts in documents un-annotated. Using multiple ontologies can overcome the problem of missing out concepts to a great extent, but it is di cult to manage (changes in ontologies over time by their developers) multiple ontologies and ontology heterogeneity also arises due to ontologies constructed by di erent ontology developers. One possible solution to managing multiple ontologies and build from scratch is to use modular ontologies for indexing. Modular ontologies are built in modular manner by combining modules from multiple relevant ontologies. Ontology heterogeneity also arises during modular ontology construction because multiple ontologies are being dealt with, during this process. Ontologies need to be aligned before using them for modular ontology construction. The existing approaches for ontology alignment compare all the concepts of each ontology to be aligned, hence not optimized in terms of time and search space utilization. A new indexing technique is proposed based on modular ontology. An e cient ontology alignment technique is proposed to solve the heterogeneity problem during the construction of modular ontology. Results are satisfactory as Precision and Recall are improved by (8%) and (10%) respectively. The value of Pearsons Correlation Coe cient for degree of similarity, time, search space requirement, precision and recall are close to 1 which shows that the results are signi cant. Further research can be carried out for using modular ontology based indexing technique for Multimedia Information Retrieval and Bio-Medical information retrieval.
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