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تبصرے

تبصرے
"تاریخِ ادبیاتِ سیالکوٹ"ایک مطالعہ
شاکر کنڈان ( سرگودھا)
دریائے چناب جوچن اور آب کا مرکب ہے ۔نیز چندرا اور بھاگا دو دریاؤں کے ملنے سے وجود میں آیا ،ایک طرف تو (چن اور آب )حسن و خوب صورتی کا استعارا ہے تو دوسری طرف(چندرا بھاگا) معنوی لحاظ سے چاند کی قسمت لیے ہوئے ہے۔ اسی لئے اسے دریائے حسن و عشق کے نام سے بھی تعبیر کیا جاتا ہے اور سب جانتے ہیں کہ حسن اور عشق لازم و ملزوم ہیں ۔ یعنی جہاں حسن ہوتا ہے وہاں عشق ہوتا ہے ۔حسن میں جمالیات اور عشق میں جمالیاتی حظ اور ذوق ہوتا ہے ۔یہ حظ اور ذوق تخلیق کا باعث بنتے ہیں ۔شاعری اور ادب چوں کہ تخلیقی عمل ہے ،لہٰذا اس سارے سلسلے کو ایک دوسرے سے جدا نہیں کیا جاسکتا۔ جہاں دریائے چناب کا تعلق ہے تو اسے دانشورانِ عصر نے بہت سوچ سمجھ کر دریائے حسن و عشق کا نام دیا ہے ۔کیوں کہ اس کے کناروں پر آباد بستیوں میں بسنے والوں کو خالقِ کائنات نے حسنِ وافر عنایت فرمایا ہے جس نے عشق کی بنیاد رکھی۔یہی حسنِ وافراور عشق ادب کی تخلیق کا باعث ٹھہرا ہے ۔ سیالکوٹ بھی دریائے چناب کے کنارے ایک ایسی ہی بستی ہے جہاں دیگر شعبہ ہائے زندگی کے ساتھ ساتھ عکسِ زندگی اور نقدِ زندگی کی بھی فراوانی ہے۔اس دھرتی پر زندگی کا عکس پیش کرنے اور زندگی کو اپنی تنقیدی صلاحیتوں سے نکھارنے والی ایسی ایسی شخصیات نے جنم لیا جو قومی اور بین الاقوامی سطح پر اس دھرتی کی پہچان بنیں ۔ان معتبر شخصیات میں سے بہت سا ذکر آپ کو ‘‘تاریخِ ادبیاتِ سیالکوٹ’’ میں پڑھنے کو ملے گا لیکن تحقیق میں چوں کہ حرفِ آخر نہیں ہوتا اس لئے اس تحقیق میں بھی کئی نام ایسے رہ گئے ہیں جن کا ادبی...

Representation of Gender in Pakistani Comedy Dramas

Media in its various forms has become a significant part of everyday social life. It influences both how we see ourselves and the world around us to some extent. At different screens of media, images of men and women are presented in different ways and with different characteristics. Studies have been conducted at large regarding representation of gender in movies and television drama serials. This paper was meant to be an addition to this vast canvas of research through analysis of gender representation in the comedy dramas of Pakistan. According to West and Zimmerman’s theory of ‘doing gender’, gender is performed by the people in their everyday actions and interactions. Keeping in view the concept of doing gender this study analyzed roles of males and females and tried to find out how different characters maintain their gender identities in comedy dramas. Results suggested that the characters were, at many places, observed to be acting contrary to the roles associated to their genders by the society. They did or performed gender to maintain their identities.

Developing Creative Thinking: A Cognitive Approach to the Teaching of English Literature

The study was conducted to investigate whether the application of cognitive teaching tools, strategies, and techniques through cognitive teaching model help develop creative thinking and other higher-order thinking skills of the students of literature at Master‟s level. The study comprised two phases: phase I was survey, while phase II was experimental. In phase I (survey) three questionnaires were prepared: one for the students, second for the teachers, and third for the chairpersons of English departments. The questionnaires were used to collect data about the existing literature teaching methods in Pakistani universities and colleges. The data collected were tabulated and analyzed on mean score and calculated to find out the central tendency of responses. In phase II of study (experimental), experiment was carried out for two months. The sample was 138 students of M.A. English at International Islamic University, Islamabad studying Romantic Poetry and Fiction II (Modern Fiction). 68 students of Romantic poetry were randomly divided into two groups: 34 in controlled group and 34 in experimental group. Similarly 68 students of Fiction II were randomly divided into two groups: 34 in controlled group and 34 in experimental group. Relevant pre-tests were conducted on all the four groups before the start of the experiment and post-tests at the end of the treatment period that was two months. The data collected through achievement tests were scored and analyzed by applying z test. Phase I of the study concluded that the existing literature teaching methods are traditional and do not develop students‟ creative thinking and other higher-order thinking skills. Phase II concluded that the application of cognitive teaching strategies and techniques through cognitive teaching model could help develop creative thinking and other higher-order thinking skills of the students of literature.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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