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غالب کے خطوط

تعارف پس منظر:
غالب کے آباؤ اجداد ترکی سے تعلق رکھتے تھے اور ان کا شمار ایبک قوم سے تھا۔غالب کے دادا قوقان بیگ ہندوستان ہجرت کر کے آئے۔یہ دور مغلیہ سلطنت کے زوال کا دور تھا۔
پیدائش:
۷۲ دسمبر ۷۹۷ ۱ء کو آگرہ میں پیدا ہوئے ان کا پورا نام بمع خطا بات مرزا اسد اللہ خان غالب (تخلص /خطاب) نجم الدولہ دبیر الملک نظام جنگ بہادرعرف مرزا نوشہ تھا۔والد کے انتقال کے بعد چچا نصراللہ بیگ نے پرورش کی آٹھ سال کی عمر میں چچا بھی وفات پا گئے۔ ان کی وفات کے بعد ننھیال رہنے لگے۔
ازدواجی زندگی:
۳۱ برس کی عمر میں نواب احمد بخش خان کے چھوٹے بھائی نواب الہی بخش خان معروف کی ۱۱سالہ لڑکی امراؤ بیگم سے شادی ہوئی۔ اللہ نے سات بچوں سے نوازا لیکن وہ سبھی بچپن میں وفات پا گئے اور بیگم کا بھی انتقال ہو گیا۔غالب ۱۵ فروری ۱۹۶۹ ء میں ۷۲ برس کی عمر میں ظہر کے وقت انتقال کر گئے۔
ابتدائی حالات:
غالب جس دور سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں وہ مسلمانوں کے زوال کا دور ہے اس وقت حکومت کا مرکز دلی تھا۔اس دور میں بادشاہوں کی حیثیت بہت معمولی ہو گئی تھی مغل بادشاہ شطرنج کا مہر بن گئے اور آہستہ آہستہ سکھو ں،جاٹوں اور روہیلوں نے زور پکڑنا شروع کیا اور اس حکومت کو گرانے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ ۱۷۳۹ء میں نادر شاہ نے دلی پر حملہ کیا۔۱۷۴۸ء سے لے کر ۱۷۶۱ء تک احمد شاہ ابدالی نے بہت سے حملے کیے اور مغلوں کی رہی سہی طاقت بھی ختم کر دی۔ احمد شاہ ابدالی نے ان حملوں میں مرہٹوں کی کمر توڑ کر رکھ دی۔اس سیاسی تاریخی پس منظر میں غالب نے ہوش سنبھالا غالب کا تعلق رئیس لوگوں کے ساتھ تھا ان کی پہنچ بادشاہوں کے دربار تک تھی۔
تہذیبی...

Tribute Dr Ghulam Mustafa Khan

Dr Ghulam Mustafa Khan [d. 2005] can truly be said to be a teacher of teachers [ustadh al-asatadha]. In his long and distinguished academic career spanning over six decades, he brought into existence literally hundreds of teachers in his subject Urdu and also created in many of them a taste for critical research that resulted in the existence of a whole corpus of standard critical material. This will endure in academic circles for a long time. It was his common habit to encourage his students, especially those of an academic bent of mind, to enrol for a Ph.D. In the course of which he would proffer them all kinds of assistance even if he were not their research supervisor. As such, the names of Dr Najmul Islam, who succeeded him as Chairman, Department of Urdu, University of Sindh, stands out. Dr Najmul Islam was the editor of a scholarly research journal, Tehqiq, which appeared in over 20 volumes in his own lifetime. Each issue contained scores of critical essays of a very high academic standard including his own [Dr N. Islam’s]. There is also the name of Dr Hasrat Kasganjvi, who emerged as a creative artist and critic of merit later on authoring dozens of books of high academic standard. The list is long and distinguished and contains the names of the major teachers of Urdu language and literature at the main Pakistani universities. Apart from Urdu teachers, the thousands of persons who had the benefit of attending his lectures and courses are also evidence of his intellectual wide-ranging scholarship. Then there is the select circle of his murids who formed his circle of spiritual knowledge and who had proffered their religious devotion at his hands. To these he gave the benefit of his spiritual counsel and advice as well as the vast knowledge he possessed of the Islamic sciences in his table-talk. Among these persons, the name of ex-President Ziaul Haq is most prominent.

Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Phytotoxicity of Allelochemicals from Cock’S Comb Celosia Argentea

Laboratory experiments were conducted to screen plants i.e. Celosia argentea, Celosia cristata, Mirabilis jalapa, Mangifera indica, Moringa oleifera, Ziziphus jujuba, Ziziphus mauritiana, Delonix regia, Morus alba, Albizia procera and Albizia lebbek, for their allelopathic potency on Lepidium sativum. Maximum inhibition (97%) to root elongation was observed at 10% concentration of Celosia argentea extract; however, Mangifera indica at 10% concentration totally inhibited the germination of seeds. On the basis of results of present studies and literature survey, Celosia argentea was selected for further study. Different concentrations of Celosia argentea parts i.e. roots, stem, leaves and flowers were compared for their; (a) allelopathic potential (b) total phenolic contents and (c) individual phenolic compounds through Mass Spectrometry (MS). Based on literature survey and present studies, leaves of Celosia argentea were selected for isolation, purification and identification of herbicidal compounds using bioassay guided isolation method. Solvent extraction method using different solvents and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method using different solvent systems were optimized.Finally, two types of extraction methods i.e. aqueous and methanolic extractions were used. Aqueous and methanol extracts were partitioned with n-hexane, then with ethyl acetate and the remaining extracts were divided into two parts. One part of each extract was subjected to acid hydrolysis to release the phenolic compounds from sugar moieties and then extracted with ethyl acetate, while second part was lyophilized. All the organic solvents were evaporated and residues were dissolved in methanol to prepare 4000 ppm solutions and were used for bioassay study against Lepidium sativum. The highest inhibition of seed germination (100%) was caused by acid hydrolyzed and ethyl acetate fractions followed by lyophilized fraction. Fractions with inhibitory potency i.e. ethyl acetate, acid hydrolyzed and lyophilized fractions were used for analysis through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). More than 60 compounds including quercetin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin pentose glucuronide, gallic acid, gallic acid 4-O-glucoside, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, pholoroglucinol, phloroglucinol glucoside, m-coumaric acid, catechol etc. were identified as allelopathic agents. Most inhibitory fractions i.e. ethyl acetate and acid hydrolyzed fractions of methanolic extract were further divided into five fractions through Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography. Different concentrations of five fractions that were obtained from this separation were subjected to bioassay study against Lepidium sativum. The active fractions i.e. F2 and F5 were further separated on Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography in order to purify individual compounds. Active compounds were then analyzed with LCMS and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). To our knowledge compounds such as 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, p-coumaric acidwere first time identified as herbicidal compounds in Celosia argentea. In addition to this work, Mirabilis jalapa, Mangifera indica, Delonix regia, Morus alba and Moringa oleifera leaves were also subjected to bioassay guided isolation method and active fractions were analyzed for allelopathic compounds using HPLC and MS.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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