Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

سرِ شام: ایک مختصرتاثر

 عارفہ ثمین اختر نے دور طالب علمی میں تحقیق و تنقید اور شعر گوئی سے بیک وقت اپنا شغف ظاہر کیا تھا؛ لیکن عمدہ دسترس کے باوصف اول الذکر سے ان کا ناتا نصابی مدار تک محدود رہا جبکہ ثانی الذکر سے وابستگی سرمدی ثابت ہوئی؛ یوں تخلیق سے منسوب ثروت ایک بار پھر اپنی فوقیت کا اثبات کرانے میں با مراد ٹھیری۔ یہ درست ہے کہ انھیں عہد طفولیت ہی سے ادبی علمی فضا میسر آئی مگر اس معاونت کا دایرہ اثر تحدید کی تقدیر اپنے ہمراہ لاتا ہے۔ فرد اگر اپنی ذات میں اساسی تخلیقی جوہر نہیں رکھتا تو محض ماحول قلب ماہیت کا اعجاز نہیں دکھا سکتا۔

 عارفہ کی مذکورہ وہبی استعداد کا اعتراف ان کی غیر موجودگی میں اکثر سننے میں آتا رہا اور انھیں سننے کے بلا واسطہ مواقع بھی ملے۔ اس کے بعد ایک ایسا طویل وقفہ آیا کہ سچی بات ہے وہ رفت گزشت ہو گئیں کیونکہ وہی لکھنے والے قاری کے حلقہ ء نظر میں رہتے ہیں جو اس کے آئینہ ء ابصار تلک رسائی کا اہتمام بلکہ تردد کرنے میں کامیاب رہتے ہیں۔ اس دوران میں ادبی جراید یا سوشل میڈیا کے توسط عارفہ کے سخن قرطاس یا اسکرین پر نہیں ابھرے۔ اب کوئی تین دہائیوں کی گزران کے بعد یکایک ان کا شعری مجموعہ: ”سر شام“ کے عنوان سے سامنے آیا ہے تو خوشگوار حیرت نے اپنے حصار میں لے لیا ہے! مسرت اس لیے ہوئی کہ عارفہ نے اپنے وجود کی مناسبت سے عرفان آگہی کی آن کو حرز جان بنائے رکھا اور اس انمول خوبی کی اضاعت کا سانحہ نہیں ہونے دیا وگرنہ کڈھب مسائل حیات ان گنت دلنشیں تخلیق کاروں کو نگل گئے!

”سر شام“ کی غزلوں اور نظموں میں ضو ریز شاعری خود متکلم ہے کہ اس...

Birth Ordinal and Trust on Close Interpersonal Relationship: A Comparative Study of First and Last Born Individuals

The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in the level of trust in close interpersonal relationships among first born and last-born individuals. The sample of the present study was comprised of 120 participants (first born=60; last born=60). Data was collected through purposive random sampling. The age range of the participants in the present study was 20-45 years and both genders were given equal representation. Trust level of the participants was measured through Trust in close interpersonal relationship scale. Personal Information Questionnaire was also used to gather the information about the characteristics of participants such as age, birth ordinal, gender, education etc. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the trust level of first born and last born. Findings revealed significant differences in the trust level of first born and last-born participants. Last born participants have more trust in interpersonal relationship. Gender differences were also found in the trust level. Females have more trust than males. The implications of the study have discussed in terms of child-rearing practices.

Teacher Performance Appraisal: A Tool for Professional Development

Teacher Performance Appraisal has been considered an assessment tool among majority of teachers in Pakistan (Ali, 1998; Jaffer, 2007; Khalid, 2007). This study aimed to identify the required changes that could make appraisal as a tool for Teachers' Professional Development. The study was conducted in Star School (pseudonym), a secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. The research was qualitative in nature using phenomenological approach. The seven research participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected during an eight week-period through semi-structured interviews, focused group discussion and document analysis. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed, documents such as policy and procedures were also analysed. The findings reveal that appraisal supports towards the knowledge and skill enhancement of the teachers if the appraisal scheme and tools are understood by the teachers. The two purposes of appraisal; summative and formative may not be easy to disconnect in Star School (a secondary school) but the focus of appraisal can be shifted from accountability to developmental appraisal through incorporating self-evaluation of teachers as part of existing appraisal scheme in order to develop teacher-ownership into the appraisal process. This sense of ownership offers an effective basis for stimulating change and development. However, this process also necessitated initiatives for developing expertise in appraisers and a practice-shift to connect appraisal practices with teacher professional growth. This study also recommends inclusion of self-appraisal for teachers in existing appraisal process. This study holds significance for various audiences directly or indirectly in the organisation I work for. The study could help in strengthening the appraisal scheme and it could also enable Head teachers in further in improving appraisal scheme. For the other researchers at AKU-IED, this study could give a kick-start on exploration of TPA as a professional development tool for teachers in Pakistan.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.