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7. Al-A’raf /The Elevated

7. Al-A’raf /The Elevated

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

07:01
Alif. Lam. Mim. Sad.
07:02
This Book - The Qur’an - is being sent down on to you O The Prophet.
So let there be no distress in your heart due to this.
While you are to warn the disbelieving audience through it,
this is a Reminder to the believers.
07:03
O The People!
Follow what is being sent down on to you by your Rabb - The Lord, and
do not follow the whims of others or take others for worship apart from HIM.
Yet little you understand and follow.
07:04
And how many of habitations have WE destroyed before!
So it happened that OUR Punishment came upon them suddenly - either by the night or
while they were in the midst of their noon-nap.
07:05
And when OUR Punishment finally overtook them, they had nothing to say, except crying out:
‘We have indeed been unfair’ to ourselves by sinning!
07:06
It will be during the Time of the Final Judgment that WE will certainly question those to whom WE had assigned OUR Messengers if they followed their teachings, and
WE will also question the Messengers if they had conveyed OUR Message and how did the people respond to it.
07:07
WE will definitely recount their deeds and dealings to them with knowledge and accuracy,
for WE were never absent from their midst!
07:08
And at The Time of the Final Judgment, the weighing of their deeds and dealings will be
fair and just.

Then whose deeds of righteousness will be heavier than their bad deeds on the scales,
those –...

متقدمین و متاخرین فقہا کی آراء کی روشنی میں مال حرام کا منافع

Islam teaches its follower purification in every walk of life, be itassociated with creed, character, worship or economic activities; it is advised that they should avoid contaminated substance. Unlawful income (Maal-eHaram) is also prohibited by sharia to be earned or kept in custody; . However types of unlawful income are more than few, for instance riba, robbery, bribery etc and Sharia scholars have different views about each one of them, similarly opinions of sharia scholars are also different on profit earned on the lawful investment of unlawful income. In this paper, sharia guidelines regarding lawful and unlawful income is presented, different types of unlawful income and views of sharia scholars regarding the income and profit earnedfrom the investment of the same are mentioned with arguments, in the end suggestions are given in light of present era regarding each type of unlawful income.

An Analytical Study of Archaeological Discoveries from Bhamala, Taxila

The present study titled An Analytical Study of the Archaeological Discoveries from Bhamāla, Taxila focusses on the recent archaeological discoveries made during the three seasons of excavations carried out at the Buddhist site of Bhamāla by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar, in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology, Hazara University (Mansehra), and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA from 2012 to 2016. Bhamāla, one of the most important Buddhist sites, is located on the right bank of the Haro River in Khānpur (a sub-valley of Taxila). The site was first excavated by Sir John Marshall in 1930-31. But his brief report had left many questions that awaited answers using the material from the same site. Excavation at Bhamāla was resumed after about eight decades. Our excavation aimed at reconfirming the dates assigned by Sir John Marshall and establishing the archaeological profile of the site with scientific and latest archaeological methods. Our excavations at Bhamāla, on one hand, resulted in many remarkable discoveries in the history of Buddhist art and architecture in Gandhāra, and raised many new questions on the other. The subject of this dissertation covers both those unanswered questions as well as new questions raised by the important discoveries made during the most recent excavations. To address these questions precisely, we have divided this dissertation in eight chapters. In chapter one, an introduction to the present research and methodology is given. The second chapter gives a review of all available literature relevant to the subject of dissertation. An Overall review of the archaeological findings at the site of Bhamāla is provided in Chapter Three. Chapter Four deals with the detailed analyses of the structural remains including the main stupas A & B flanked by chapels, votive stupas, the Parinirvāṇa chamber and the monastic establishments. A comparative and scientific (material) analyses of the terracotta sculptures reported during our recent excavations is given in chapter Five. Chapter Six presents a detailed analysis of the stucco sculptures from Bhamāla. Chapter seven deals with the numismatic evidences discovered during our recent excavations at the site. Chapter Eight is a detailed summary and discussion of the information presented in the preceding chapters. The Conclusion is followed by my suggestions for further archaeological research at Bhamāla.
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