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کتاب بہترین دوست

کتاب بہترین دوست
کتاب ایک بہترین دوست ہے، دوست سے کبھی کبھار دھوکے اور فریب کاری کا امکان رہتا ہے لیکن کتاب کی دوستی سے اس قسم کے امکان کا شائبہ تک نہیں رہتا۔ کیونکہ جو خلوص اور محبت اس نے فراہم کرنی ہے اس میں کسی موقع پر جا کر تبدیلی کی گنجائش یا کمی نہ ہوگی۔ کتاب کی رفاقت ایک ایسی ہم نشینی ہے کہ جو اپنے رفیق کو کبھی خلوت کا شکار نہیں ہونے دے گی۔ یہ اپنے ہم نشین کے دل میں خلوتوں اور تنہائیوں کی وحشت کوختم کر کے محبت و مودت کے شگوفے کھلاتی ہے۔ کتاب کے مطالعہ سے تاریخ عالم لکھنے کا موقع ملتا ہے۔ قوموں کے عروج و زوال سے شناسائی ہوتی ہے۔ قوموں کی معاشی ، روحانی ، اقتصادی اور سیاسی حیات کے خدوخال سے آگاہی حاصل ہوتی ہے۔
تاریخ اسلام اس بات پر شاہد ہے کہ مسلمان کو کتب بینی و مطالعہ میں ہمیشہ ایک امتیازی حیثیت حاصل رہی ہے، اہل اسلام ہمیشہ کتابوں سے محبت کرتے آئے ہیں ، دسمبر کی زمستانی ہوائیں ہوں یا جون کی تڑپادینے والی دھوپ، وقت عصر ہو یا رات کا پچھلا پہر،تدریسی اسباق کی تیاری ہو یا سفر آخرت کی تیاری، کتب ہائے خیر سے ذی شعور اور ذی فہم و فراست افراد کی دوستی مثالی رہی ہے۔ کتاب سے دوستی مرادعلم دوستی ہوتی ہے او ر علم دوست انسان گلستانِ ہستی کے رنگا رنگ پھول ، صحت مند معاشرے کے ماتھے کا جھومر، بیمار انسانیت کے مسیحا، مرغِ بسمل کی طرح تڑپنے والے لوگوں کے لیے رافت و رحمت اور جہالت کے بحر بیکراں میں ہچکولے کھاتی ہوئی ناؤ کے ناخدا ہوتے ہیں۔
کتاب سے دوستی جینے کا ڈھنگ سکھاتی ہے۔ کتاب سے دوستی قوموں کی زندگی کے نشیب و فراز سے آگاہی کرتی ہے۔ ایک اچھی کتاب انسان...

A Critical Examination of Joseph Kenny’s Views on the Origin, Miracle and Veracity of the Qur’an

Christian missionary scholarship on Islam and the Qur’an in Nigeria dates back to the advent of Christianity in the country. The reason was that Islam had become well established and indigenized in most parts of northern Nigeria and south Western Nigeria, and the Qur’an provides Muslims with information on Christianity and its doctrines. Thus, Islam became a serious obstacle to their endeavour. The early 20th century Christian Missionaries therefore, held that they could only get to the Muslims through the learning and research on the Qur’an.  This spurred them to produce works on the Qur’an. Joseph Kenny was a Christian Missionary who was sent to Nigeria in 1964 through the directive of the Holy See, to assist the Catholic Church in reaching the Muslims in Nigeria. He underwent trainings in the fields of Arabic and Islamic Studies, and was able to produce more than 170 works on different areas of Islamic Studies.  This paper critically examines some of his views on the Qur’an, as compared to the views of other Christian missionary scholars of Qur’an and thus elaborates on the misrepresentations contained in them.

Dft Studies of Carbon and Nitrogen Based Cubic Antiperovskite Materials.

In this thesis, we present theoretical studies of antiperovskites ANCa3 (A=Ge, Sn, Pb), BCFe3 (B=Al, Zn, Ga), SnCD3 (D=Co and Fe) and MXY3 (M=Al, Ga, Ir, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh; X=C, N; Y=Mn, Ni, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe) as well as SbNCa3, BiNCa3, SbNSr3 and BiNSr3. The calculations are carried out with the full-potential linearized augmented plane waves plus local orbital (FPLAPW+lo) method within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) as well as Boltzmann’s theory. The exchange–correlation effects are treated by the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBEsol) and Engel and Vosko GGA (EV-GGA). Furthermore, the modified Becke and Johnson (mBJ) as well as improved mBJ potentials are used for the exact band gaps of the semiconductors. The relativistic effects in some of the compounds under study are explored by spin-orbit coupling. The consistency of the calculated results of the thermoelectric properties of SnCCo3 and SnCFe3 with the experimental results confirms the reliability of our theoretical calculations for the other investigated metallic antiperovskites, ANCa3 (A=Ge, Sn, Pb), BCFe3 (B=Al, Zn, Ga), SnCD3 (D=Co and Fe) and MXY3 (M=Al, Ga, Ir, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh; X=C, N; Y=Mn, Ni, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe). Our results for ANCa3 (A=Ge, Sn, Pb), BCFe3 (B=Al, Zn, Ga) and SnCD3 (D=Co, Fe) indicate that the thermopower of these materials can be enhanced by changing the chemical potential. The dimensionless figure of merit for the three nitrides approaches to 0.96 at room temperature, which predicts the usefulness of these materials in thermoelectric devices. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of these compounds is minimum at room temperature for chemical potential of -0.25 eV to 0.25 eV, with maximum values of dimensionless figure of merit in this range. The striking feature of these studies is identifying a metallic compound, SnNCa3, with the highest value of Seebeck coefficient at room temperature out of all metals. Furthermore, electronic and thermoelectric properties of carbon and nitrogen based twenty metallic antiperovskites MXY3 (M=Al, Ga, Ir, Mg, Pd, Pt, Rh; X=C, N; Y=Mn, Ni, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe) are investigated. We find high values of Seebeck coefficient and small values of electronic thermal conductivity for AlCTi3, AlNSc3, AlCNi3, AlNTi3, GaCCr3 and MgCNi3 between -0.25 and 0.25 eV chemical potential. These results show high dimensionless figure of merit in metallic materials and therefore, we predict these materials can be potential candidates for low temperature thermoelectric applications. Figure of merit for AlNTi3, GaCCr3, AlCNi3, AlNSc3, MgCNi3 and AlCTi3 materials reaches to 0.32, 0.25, 0.19, 0.19, 0.2 and 0.25 respectively, and hence are predicted to be low temperature thermoelectric materials. The structural, electronic and optical properties of antiperovskite semiconductors, SbNCa3, BiNCa3, SbNSr3 and BiNSr3 are also studied. The calculated lattice constants for these compounds are found consistent with the available experimentally measured values and other theoretical results. The band profiles show that all of these materials are direct band gap semiconductors with the band gap values of 1.1 eV, 1.09 eV, 0.92 eV and 0.81 eV for SbNCa3, BiNCa3, SbNSr3 and BiNSr3 respectively. The direct band gap nature reveals that they may be effective in optical devices and therefore the optical properties of these compounds like the real and imaginary parts of dielectric function, refractive index and absorption coefficient are calculated and discussed. Furthermore, the thermoelectric properties of these semiconductors are also calculated. Our results show high values of Seebeck coefficient for these materials between -0.25 eV and 0.25 eV chemical potential values.
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