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ملن دی چاہ
ملن دی چاہ
بس نوں ٹور ڈریورا میں ملنا ہے دلدار
جہلم جا روک لویں میں تکنا سوہنا یار
سوہنے دلبر دا کِتھ واسا
ڈھونڈ تھکی میں ہر اک پاسا
لبھدی پھراں میں پھڑ کے کاسا
میں اپڑی جہلم بازار
جہلم دے بزار نیں سوہندے
ویکھن والیاں دے دل موہندے
نین تے ہنجواں ہار پروندے
سوہنا ملسی کیہڑے وار
میں ٹلے تے آن کھلوواں
سد ماراں تے نالے روواں
کر کر توبہ اگلے دھوواں
رب چا بخشے اوگنہار
جہلم پل توں ٹلا دِسے
جتھے سجناں تے دل وِسے
قادریؔ عشق دے لمے قصے
کہنوں دساں وار و وار
ٹلا جوگیاں من نوں بھاوے
ویکھ کے میرا دل ٹھر جاوے
نت مراداں ایہہ دل پاوے
ایتھے لبھدا چین قرار
Muslim-Christian Relations in the Era of Prophet Muhammad: Review of Najrān Delegation’s Case in Modern Context
Muslim–Christian relations are as mature as Islamic history itself. Historical evidences state the first interaction of Muslims and Christians occurred in 5th year after nabuwwah (615 AD) when Muslims migrated to Ḥabshah (Abyssinia) and second contact was established after immigration of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to Madinah. After getting socio-political stability in 8th hijrī (629 AD), Muhammad (PBUH) sent letters and ambassadors to different statesmen and religious leaders to spread the Islamic Mission and Message globally. One letter was also sent to the chief Bishop of Najrān. In response, the chief Bishop of Najrān accepted the invitation and personally came to meet the Prophet (PBUH) with his reputed delegation. The beloved Messenger (PBUH) warmly welcomed this delegation. As a result, the peace agreement was reached after some theological debate and discussion. Later on, throughout history, the relations between Muslims and Christians have been in situation of up and down. It’s also a fact that over the centuries, the Muslims-Christians relations had sometimes been one of enmity, sometimes one of rivalry, competition, and encounter. In spite of it, the Najrān’s delegation case has a historical significance in Muslim-Christian relations in the literature of both religions. Therefore, in this study efforts were made to explore the event of Najrān delegation as theological foundations for Muslim-Christian relations in times of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and how can we get benefit from it in modern era. Moreover, this study perceives that the case of Najrān delegation was the first practical interaction between Muslims and Christians of that age. Hence, we could get benefit from it with its modern applications and interpretations. The analytical, comparative and historical approaches have been adopted in this study with qualitative paradigm. I compared and analysed the case in Islamic and Christian context and then gave recommendation for its application.Bioaccumulation of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals Along Rivers of Malakand Division and River Kabul, Pakistan
Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their serious toxicity, persistence in the environment and bioaccumulative nature. A variety of natural and anthropogenic sources are the main reason of their release into the environment. Contamination of freshwater ecosystems such as rivers with toxic heavy metals is an environmental problem of public health concern. Being persistent elements, heavy metals are accumulated in the environment and are the major cause to contaminate the food chains. Accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in freshwater fish causes a potential health threat to their consumers including humans. It is very important to assess and monitor the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals in riverine waters and sediments as well as in the resident biota. The present research work aimed to assess the bioaccumulation of four selected heavy metals i.e., Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in freshwater fish, rice and tobacco along three rivers in Malakand Division and River Kabul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The different acid-digested environmental samples were analyzed for specified heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Potential risk to the health of the fish consumers was assessed in terms of estimated weekly intake (EWI) values of the heavy metals and compared with their respective provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values set by international organizations. Generally, metal concentrations in muscles of the fish from the studied rivers were comparable. Generally, clear trends could not be observed for metal concentrations at different sites of the rivers when going from upstream to downstream. Regarding metal accumulation in fish muscles, generally, inter-species differences were statistically not significant, most probably due to more variance within samples. Generally, metal concentrations were higher in metabolically active tissues such as gills and liver compared to skin and muscles. Based on the current study, consumption of the analyzed freshwater fish species from the rivers was generally safe in terms of potential risk from Cd and Pb but the observed Ni accumulation may pose a potential health risk to regular/excessive fish consumers. Thus, efforts should be made to minimize heavy metal contamination in these freshwater ecosystems in order to safeguard the aquatic fauna and the health of the fish consumers.Journals by Discipline
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