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ایلافِ وفا کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

ایلافِ وفا کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
اخلاق حیدر آبادی
(شعبہ اردو ، رفاہ انٹر نیشنل یونیورسٹی ،فیصل آباد)
شاعری انسانی تخیل کا پُر جمال اور بلیغ اظہار ہے۔ شاعری میں نظم نے انسانی فکر اور ادراک کو مربوط اور پر اعتماد ہو کر آگے بڑھایا ہے۔ آرائش خیال کے لیے کبھی پابند نظم اور کبھی نظم ِ معرا کو خوب پذیرائی حاصل ہوئی۔ پھر آزاد نظم نے نسبتاً انسانی فکری جہتوں کو زیادہ بے باک انداز اور آزادی کے ساتھ پیش کیا ۔اردو شاعری کے منظر نامے میںنظم گو شعرا ابلاغ کی سطح پر پیش رفت کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ وقت کے ساتھ نظم کی روایت نے تخلیق کار کو ایک نئے آہنگ سے متعارف کرایا۔
شاعری کی بابت بہت کچھ کہا گیا ہے اور کہا جاسکتا ہے مگر مختصر اور جامع طور پر ہم کولرج اور شیلے کے ہم زبان ہو کر کہہ سکتے ہیں ’’شاعری تخیل کی زبان ہے‘‘ ۔کانٹ نے بہت دل نشین اندازمیں اپنی کتاب ’’انتقادِ محاکمہ(Aesthetic judgment of critique) ‘‘ میں اپنے کلیدی جملہ میں اپنے نظریہ تخیل کا خلاصہ یوں پیش کیا ہے
’’ تخیل اس مواد سے جو فطرت اس کے لیے مہیا کرتی ہے،ایک فطرتِ ثانی تخلیق کرنے والا ایک زبر دست عامل ہے‘‘(۱)
شاعر یا تخلیق کار کے پاس اظہار کے لیے جو چیز اساس بنتی ہے۔ وہ اس کا احساسِ تخیل ہے۔ ابلاغ کے لیے علامت، استعارہ ،مشاہدہ اور تجربہ تو ہوتا ہے۔ بلکہ الفاظ کے انتخاب کا کڑا فیصلہ بھی شاعر کو ہی کرنا پڑتا ہے۔ اسی طرح نظم کا نام بلا شبہ علامت ہے۔ کسی چیز کی ماہیت نہیں ۔ شعریات کو صنف میں علامتی سطح پر وابستہ کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ حالی ؔ کا یہ قول’’ نفسِ شعر وزن کا محتاج نہیں‘‘ اب تک ایک بامعنی اور راہنما ہے۔ عبدالسمیع اپنی کتاب ’’اردو میں...

Intelligence System of Holy Prophet (PBUH) an Important Military Tool

In the modern warfare, intelligence plays a pivotal role, and is, therefore, considered an essential part of defense strategy in all countries. In the Islamic defense system, intelligence has been an important tool right from the days of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). This paper aims at explaining the importance of intelligence for the defense of an Islamic State according to the teachings of Islam.  The word intelligence in this paper has been used in the military sense. The scope of this paper is limited to the Holy Quran, Hadith and prominent events of the Hijrah, battles of Badr, Uhud, Trench and consequent of Makkah. Intelligence is considered the most important tool of war in modern times. No army can fight without it.  Getting information about enemy’s plans, assets and movement (ops intelligence) and safeguarding own information; morale and loyalty of the troops (counter intelligence) are its two main aspects.  An overview of the Holy Quran, Hadith and life of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) reveals that both there aspects of intelligence have been given due importance in Islam.

Structural, Electronic and Vibrational Properties of 2Nd Row Transition Metal Clusters

Metal clusters play key role in chemical industry, nanotechnology and cellular biology. Chemical industry depends on the selection, development and application of catalysts. The most valuable catalysts used in these modern chemical industries consist of metal clusters. Introduction of a dopant atom in a metal cluster significantly enhances the catalytic activity. Moreover, in heterogeneous catalysis, the ability of metal cluster to react chemically with different molecular species totally depends on the size of the clusters. Bimetallic nano clusters have gained significant interest due to their specific and matchless structural, optical, electronic, and magnetic properties and their significance in nano technology and catalysis. Full range of bimetallic silver-yttrium AgnYm cluster of low nuclearity (n + m = 2-10) are studied using the density functional theory (DFT) at TPSSTPSS method with a Lanl2dz pseudopotential. The results for various properties including structural, ionization potential adiabetic, electron affinity, binding energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, average bond length, total energy, bond dissociation energy and 2nd order difference energy are evaluated as function of (n+m) size of the system. Moreover, the results for these bimetallic clusters are compared with pure silver and yttrium clusters. Different spin multiplicities of each cluster are also studied to locate the low energy structures. Cluster with higher nuclearity (n + m ≥7) favors three dimensional structure where clusters with low nuclearity (m + n ≤6) except (n + m = 5) favor two dimensional structure. Ag6 cluster also preferred planar 2D configuration. All pure silver clusters are more stable in low spin multiplicity, while pure yttrium clusters are more stable in higher spin multiplicity. Multiple bimetallic silver yttrium clusters have stability at varying spin state. Based on binding energy values the pure yttrium clusters are more stable than pure silver and bimetallic clusters. Density functional theory calculations have also been performed on pure silver (Agn), yttrium (Ym) and bimetallic silver yttrium clusters AgnYm (n+m = 2-10) for reactivity descriptors in order to find active sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. The results illustrates that atoms in a stable ground state in a geometry can be categorized into different types of reactive sites. The reactivity of numerous sites as a function of cluster size and shape was thus investigated. The investigation reveals that the sizes and shapes of the pure silver, yttrium and bimetallic silver yttrium cluster (n = 2-10) influence the number and position of active sites for an electrophilic and/or nucleophilic attack. Doping of pure clusters with the other elements also influences the hardness, softness and chemical reactivity of the clusters. The softness increases as we increase the number of silver atoms in the cluster, whereas the hardness decreases. The chemical reactivity increases with silver doping whereas it decreases by yttrium doping. Silver atoms are nucleophilic in small clusters whereas, in large clusters, silver atoms are electrophilic in nature. The research here is designed at the investigation of new bimetallic clusters with distinctive electronic properties. These distinctive electronic properties comfort in finding new applications in electronic devices. Furthermore, these silver yttrium bimetallic clusters are expected to have improved catalytic activity which will assist industrial processes.
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