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المبحث الأول: أصلها ونسبها

المبحث الأول: أصلها ونسبها

 وُلدت بروین شاکر في بیتِ عزِ وشرفٍ وأصل أجدادھا من الھند، وھي من بیتِ علم وثقافۃ وشعر وأدب، فقد تعلّم جد الشاعرۃ (پروین شاکر) السید أبو الحسن في (پٹنہ) بتنہ في مسجدِ شمس الھُدیٰ[1]، وکان لہُ ثمانیۃ أولادٍ وبنتان، وکان والد بروین شاکر أصغر أولادہِ، وھو شاکر حسین، وکان یحب الشعر منذ صغرہ، ثم انتقل شاکر حسین من بتنہ إلی کراتشي، یبحث عن مستقبل رائعٍ، ثمّ تزوج بفتاۃٍ إسمھا أفضل النساء وھي والدۃ بروین شاکر[2]۔

ولادتها

 ولدت لسید شاکر حسین إبنتُہ الأولی في 12 مارس 1950م التي سماھا نسرین[3]، وفي 24 نوفمبر 1952م ولدت ابنتہُ الثانیۃ والتي سُمیت ب (پروین بانو)[4]، وبعدھا نسبتاً إلی أبیھا سمیت ب(پروین شاکر) وأسمھا في شھادۃ الماجستیر (پروین بیگم)[5]، وأھلھا کانوا یسمونھا بالمحبۃ والدلع ب(پارو). تقول ھي بنفسھا أن (پارو)، و (پارا) أسماء الدلع والدلال کانوا أھلی یسمونی بھا (Nick Name)[6]۔

تعلیمها

کان تعلیم بروین شاکر الإبتدائی في(حي الرضویۃ) في (المدرسۃ الإسلامیۃ) في کراتشي مع شقیقتھا نسرین، أمّا بروین فکانت طالبۃ مجتھدۃ منذ طفولتھا، فقد سُجّلت في المدرسۃ في الصف الثالث ولکن بجھدھا ومحاولتھا ألحقت بأختھا نسرین في الصف الخامس۔

 بعدما أکملت الشاعرۃ دراستھا الإبتدائیۃ ألحقت بمدرسۃ في (Sun rising school) [7] ثم أخذت الشاعرۃ تشارک في مختلف العلوم والمسابقات بجانب دراستھا وتفوقھا الدراسي، المسابقات المختلفۃ والمباحثات أضافت في فھمھا وفطانتھا وأیضاً شارکت في الأعمال الأدبیۃ المدرسیۃ مما ساعدھا علی زیادۃ ثقافتھا وأدبھا۔

 ثم بدأت الشاعرۃ تُطالع کتب الأدب والمذھب والقصص الدینیۃ وقد فازت في ھذہ المدرسۃ بجائزۃِ في...

Conceptualizing Poverty in Capitalism and Islam

This study investigates poverty in Capitalism and Islam in terms of both; as an economic ism and as a living ideology. Capitalism as a living ideology, based on its’ philosophical foundations, eventually yields class conflict, deprivation, discrimination and accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few capitalists. Capitalism as an economic ism has become unpopular in the world not only because of socioeconomic injustices but also due to environmental degradation and losses in biodiversity. Theoretical analysis reveals that the built in mechanism (Demand-Supply) of capitalism is incapable to resolve the issue of poverty effectively. Poverty in Islamic context is a pure economic concept which does not affect the social class system and social values of humans. Furthermore, the measurement concept of poverty in Islam is different from the Capitalism. Poverty has been measured based on the minimum prescribed amount (Nisab) postulated by Islam. Various categories of the poor have been identified while benchmarking the minimum prescribed amount. Keeping into consideration the philosophical foundation of the Capitalism and Islamic Economic System (IES) the study reveals that IES has more potential to resolve the issue of poverty on more fair and equitable basis than the Capitalism.

Stablization of Zirconia Using Different Experimental Methods and Their Applications

Zirconia ceramics have received much attention due to its good mechanical strength, good thermal properties, biocompatibility and white color. These properties make zirconia more suitable for orthopedic and maxillofacial implants. Among three phases of zirconia (monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic), tetragonal zirconia is more suitable for implants and coatings, but tetragonal zirconia is stable at higher temperatures and transforms to monoclinic phase upon cooling. This research includes preparation and characterizations of zirconia coatings and nanostructures. Different routes of sol-gel preparation were used. Detailed study was carried out to optimize gelation agent, pH and molarity of the sol. Samples were prepared at different molarities (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.10 and 0.125M) in acidic (pH 2) and basic mediums (pH 9) using three different gelation agents (NaOH, NH3 and NH4OH). Un-doped and doped zirconia nanostructures and coatings were studied in this research work with water as solvent. Molarity of the sol had a significant effect on the volume fraction of tetragonal zirconia content with a relatively small crystallite size <30nm. pH of the sol also played an important role for tetragonal zirconia formation; pH of zirconia sol was varied from 1 to 11. Optimization of stabilized tetragonal zirconia under as-synthesized conditions was obtained for samples prepared at molarity 0.1M in basic medium (pH 9) using NH3 as gelation agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results were consistent with XRD data that confirmed the formation of phase pure tetragonal zirconia under as-synthesized conditions. SEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-separated and well-defined nanoparticles of size range 30-50 nm that is compatible for implants. Along with thermal stability problem another drawback of zirconia is lack of bonding with body fluid. In order to increase its bonding strength some organic additives (Glucose and Fructose) have been added in zirconia. Nanowires of zirconia with diameter of 8nm were observed in case of organic additive zirconia with hardness ~1500HV. Effect of biocompatible dopant Fe3O4 in zirconia sol for stabilization of tetragonal content has also been studied to increase its application area. Fe3O4 was used as a dopant with acidic (pH 4) and basic (pH 10) nature with 2-10wt%. Pure tetragonal zirconia content has been observed under XRD study at 8-10wt% of basic (pH 10) nature. It is worth mentioning that biocompatible Fe3O4 has been used for the first time for stabilization of tetragonal zirconia. This optimized zirconia was coated on teeth that were soaked in several foods and beverages. Results reveal that after coatings teeth show no loss to enamel and weight even in strong acidic and basic mediums.
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