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مسٹر گارنر

مسٹر گارنر

            مسٹر گارنر، جن کی وفات کی خبر حال میں شایع ہوئی ہے، ایک مشہور سیاح تھے، جنھوں نے سالہا سال افریقہ کے جنگلوں کی خاک چھانی تھی، آج سے تقریباً تیس سال قبل انھوں نے اس دعویٰ کا اعلان کیا تھا کہ بندروں میں بھی باہم ایک طریقہ کی گفتگو ہوتی ہے۔ ۱۸۹۲؁ء میں وہ مقام گیبون میں مقیم ہوئے، جہاں بندروں کی سب سے زیادہ ترقی یافتہ صنف گوریلا کی بکثرت آبادی ہے، یہاں کئی مہینہ تک انھوں نے اپنے تئیں ایک بڑے قفس آہنی میں ایک چمپانزی کے ساتھ مقید رکھا، اور اس کے ذریعے سے بندروں کی باہمی ’’گفتگو‘‘ سنتے رہے، لیکن ان کے اس دعویٰ کو سائنٹفک حلقوں میں زیادہ مقبولیت نہ حاصل ہوئی، اور جمہور محققین کا فیصلہ اس وقت یہ ہے کہ نطق و گویائی کی قوت انسان کے لیے مخصوص ہے، جس میں بندر وغیرہ کوئی صنف حیوانات اس کی شریک نہیں۔

(اپریل ۱۹۲۰ء)

 

Women Dealing with Health Problems in Desert: A Case Study of Cholistan

Being a desert, Cholistan has nomadic and semi-nomadic culture with life threatening climatic and geographic conditions. In fact, life in Cholistan revolves around search for water, food and fodder. Health problems are also acute among these desert dwellers. The area is deprived of healthcare services. The existing literature on Cholistan desert contains no scholarship on the ways of dealing with health problems particularly of women. This article is the first of its kind to explore this aspect. Using ethno-methodology, primary data were collected from 50 elderly women through protracted qualitative interviews and participants observation. Thematic analysis technique was used for analyzing the data. The findings of the study reveal that several intertwined factors such as lack of road and transportation facilities, lack of healthcare infrastructure and qualified medical staff, adverse weather conditions, mass illiteracy, ignorance and existence of massive poverty are main factors responsible for poor health of women in the Cholistan. Also, women’s health problems are given little importance because of male dominance and male support and approval is sought by women before getting medical treatment. In addition to this, lack of access and poor awareness about modern healthcare services, make women in Cholistan rely mainly on self-medication and local remedies such as ethnomedication and spiritual healing.

Impact of Cadmium and Nickel on Morpho-Anatomy and Physiology of Two Native Grasses [ Cynodon Dactylon L. Pers. and Cenchrus Ciliaris L. ].

In order to investigate the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium and nickel) on morpho- anatomy and physiology of two grass species (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. and Cenchrus ciliaris L.), three factor factorial experiment was laid out in the Old Botanic Garden, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The levels of cadmium and nickel (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg L-1) were selected for all ecotypes collected from Faisalabad, the Salt Range and Pakka Anna. Soils of the Faisalabad were not affected by heavy metals, while that of the Salt Range moderately affected and Pakka Anna heavily affected by both Ni2+ and Cd2+. The data was recorded for different morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical attributes. The growth of the both grass species was reduced under Cd2+ and Ni2+ stress. A significant reduction in gas exchange parameters was noted in all ecotypes under both Cd2+ and Ni2+ stresses. Biochemical attributes like total soluble sugars, and total free amino acids increased at high levels (60 mg L-1) of Cd2+ and Ni2+, while proteins were reduced in both types of stresses. Ion uptake was retarded in most of the ecotypes of C. ciliaris and C. dactylon. Zn2+ and Fe2+ uptake was increased with increasing level of Cd2+ and Ni2+ contaminated medium. There was a marked impact on anatomical features of both grass species under Cd2+ and Ni2+ stresses. Cell size of root and shoot decreased in all ecotypes; however, increased vascular bundle area was recorded in the ecotypes of C. ciliaris. Epidermal area decreased while mechanical tissue area increased in all the ecotypes under metal stress. Cadmium stress showed positive influence on stem and leaf anatomy while nickel showed damaging effect on parenchyma, where disintegration was seen in endodermis and pith tissues of C. ciliaris. However, the ecotypes of C. dactylon remained unaffected by Ni2+ stress. The ecotypes of C. dactylon collected from Faisalabad and Pakka Anna performed better in metal (Cd2+ and Ni2+) stress while C. ciliaris from the Salt Range was adversely affected when subjected under Cd2+ and Ni2+ stresses.
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