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نبوت ، اقتدائے مصطفیٰؐ ہے


نبوّت ، اقتدائے مصطفیؐ ہے
صحابہؓ میں ولائے مصطفیؐ ہے

عبادت گر جسے کہتے ہیں سجدہ
سوئے کعبہ ؛ ادائے مصطفیؐ ہے

جہاں پر انتہا روح الامیںؑ کی
وہاں سے ابتدائے مصطفیؐ ہے

جہالت ، تیرگی ، بے رہروی ہے
اگر کچھ ماسوائے مصطفیؐ ہے

لحد میں انشا اللہ ہم کہیں گے
خدا اپنا خدائے مصطفیؐ ہے

’’رمیت اذ رمیت‘‘ کا خلاصہ
ادائے رب ، ادائے مصطفیؐ ہے

عمرؓ کو عظمتیں جس نے عطا کیں
فقط حرفِ دعائے مصطفیؐ ہے

Impact of Women Empowerment on Fertility Preferences in Pakistan

Reproduction is an important aspect of a women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as in comparison to the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can help reduce fertility rates. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of women empowerment along with other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. Number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status. Data of Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13 has been used. The analysis consists of two levels, at level one a descriptive analysis is carried out. As three different aspects of fertility are the count data. Therefore at the next stage models will be estimated by using poison regression technique and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) are reported. It has been found that women’s being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and in household decision making are helpful in reducing fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study had found that wealth of the household, education of husband and having sons have very limited role on the fertility behavior.

Study of Insulin Sensitivity to Trace Metals in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and its Association With Candidate Gene Polymorphisms

There is a general agreement that polymorphisms of several key genes such as Insulin Substrate Receptor (INSR) Gene contribute to the disease in type 2 diabetic patients. The objectives of the present study were to identify the contribution of polymorphism of exons 8 and 17 of the INSR gene to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and to estimate the role of Chromium and Manganese in diabetes. The cross-sectional comparative study was carried out on 100 known Diabetic patients at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. One hundred normal healthy controls were collected from both Ayub and Women Medical College, Abbottabad. This study was conducted from September 2014 to April 2016. DNA were extracted from all blood samples and subjected to PCR amplification of exons 8 and 17 of the INSR gene. This was followed by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis for band visualization of the frequencies of homozygous and heterozygous states of alleles for both Exons. Serum Chromium and Manganese levels were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer using the standard technique. Serum Chromium levels were reduced significantly in diabetic subjects as compared to controls. Serum Manganese level did not show any significant difference between diabetics and non-diabetics. Alleles of exon 8 and 17 of the INSR gene do not appear to contribute to diabetes in the sample studied. We found in our present study that low levels of Chromium may be contributing factor in development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
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