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ظلمت سے الجھ پڑنا دامن کو جلا لینا
آ یا نہیں لوگوں کو جگنو سے دعا لینا
دکھ درد نکلتا ہے دکھ درد سنانے سے
تصویر کو کیا کرنا تصویر سے کیا لینا
بالی ترے کانوں کی جھومر ترے ماتھے کا
فتنوں کو ہوا دینا محشر سا اٹھا لینا
یہ رفض ہمارا تھا یہ رفض ہمارا ہے
یا عشق مدد کرنا یا عشق بچا لینا
دنیا کی پہنچ اتنی دنیا کا ہنر اتنا
رستوں کو جدا کرنا دیوار اٹھا لینا
ارمان رہا دل میں حسرت ہی رہی دل میں
اس پیکر ۔مرجاں کو سینے سے لگا لینا
اک عمر گزاری ہے قاسم اسی الجھن میں
دروازہ کھلا رکھنا زنجیر گرا لینا
مالكانہ تصرفات پر نفاذ حجر كے اسباب
Where Islam takes the protection of human life on first priority there it places the fluctuation and safety of one's property and ownership on the second priority_ Qura’nic Verses, sayings of the Prophet and civil and criminal juristic laws stress the protection of property__ The extravagancy, misuse, theft, robbery, usurpation, aleatory, deception and alike have been termed unfair means regarding the property. Besides, according to Muslim jurists there are some other elements, if not checked may lead to deterioration of property_ like disposition of property during immaturity, lunacy, drunkenness and inebriety, stupidity etc. In this connection Islamic Law introduces the rules of Hajr (interdiction) which ensure the sanction upon such a person found suffering from the above imperfection and forbids him to make disposition in his own property and terms it invalid for further legal effects. In juristic terminology such rules are called Hap (interdiction) .Alleviating the Adverse Effects of Salinity in Eggplant Solanum Melongene L. by Using Plant Growth Enhancer
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) locally known as ‗brinjal‘, ‗baengan‘ or ‗bataon‘, is a high value horticultural crop, playing important role in increasing income of farming community. Biotic and abiotic factors contribute in yield loss of eggplant but the saline underground water is the main reason and the cultivation of salt sensitive eggplant genotypes also yield. The objective of this research was to characterize the eggplant genotypes against salinity stress and to induce the salt tolerance in eggplant by foliar application of chitosan and to study the physiological, biochemical and ionic changes in eggplant in response to NaCl salinity and chitosan. Pot culture experiments were carried out in lath (screen) house of Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, to accomplish the investigation. Study comprised of two phases, each phase with two experiments. In first experiment 13 locally grown eggplant genotypes were exposed to different salinity levels [(control, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 dS m-1 (decisiemens per meter)]. Different growth (plant height, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight and plant dry matter) and ionic attributes (sodium and potassium) were recorded. All the eggplant genotypes showed a considerably variable respons under salinity stress. ‗Saadia‘ was found salt tolerant, while ‗Black Beauty‘ was salt sensitive genotype. In the second experiment growth, physiological, biochemical, and ionic attributes of Saadia-tolerant and Black Beauty-sensitive eggplant genotypes (screened out in first experiment) were investigated under different salinity levels (control, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 dS m-1) of NaCl. Results of second experiment showed that salt stress caused the reduction in growth (plant height, root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight), water relations (leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor pressure and RWC), physiological (photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, except WUE) and biochemical (chlorophyll contents) traits of both tolerant and non-tolerant genotypes. But tolerant genotype (Saadia) showed less reduction in above traits in comparison to sensitive ones (Black Beauty). The enzymatic (SOD, POD and CAT) activities, proline and glycinebetaine were substantially increased in both eggplant genotypes under salt stress conditions. But tolerant (Saadia) showed the maximum increase. Among the ionic traits, Na+ and Cl- were increased while Ca2+ and K+ significantly decreased in response to salt stress. Whereas, tolerant maintained the high concentration of Ca2+ and K+ ions and the least amounts of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-). xii In the third experiment diverse levels of chitosan i.e. 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mg L-1 were supplemented as a foliar spray on tolerant (Saadia) and sensitive (Black Beauty) genotypes grown under 9 dS m-1. Chitosan 150 mg L-1 was found to be the optimum dose to increase eggplant growth attributes (plant height, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight and plant dry matter). Whereas, in fourth experiment Saadia (tolerant) and Black Beauty (non-tolerant) eggplant genotypes were grown under saline and non-saline conditions, with and without chitosan. Results showed that chitosan improved the physiological, turgor pressure, enzymatic activities (SOD, POD and CAT), biochemical attributes (proline and glycinebetaine) and beneficial ions (Ca2+ and K+) and decreased the toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-), lipid peroxidation and osmotic potential as well as water potential in both tested eggplant genotypes. Among the yield parameters chitosan increased the number of fruits, fruit diameter, average fruit weight and yield per plant in both eggplant genotypes under stressed and non-stressed environments. Overall, it can be concluded that salt stress reduced the eggplant growth and productivity. Foliar application of chitosan induced salt tolerance in eggplant and improved yield attributes.Journals by Discipline
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