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المبحث الأول: الأدب النسائي

المبحث الأول: الأدب النسائي
کان للرجال (الشعراء) دور کبیر في النثر والشعر، ولکن لا یمکن ان تنکر دور ومحاولات النساء(الشاعرات) في الشعر، ولکن في البدایۃ کانت تعتبر أشعار ومنظومات النساء شيئًا معیبًا ، فلا یھتم الناس بالشاعرات، اللّھمّ إلا شاعرۃ واحدۃ کانت في قمۃ الشاعرات المبدعات وھي ’’بدر النساء بیگم‘‘ وکان ذلك في عام 1192۔
ولم یظھر إبداع النساء الشاعرات الکبیرات ولکن ظھر القلیل منه في النصف الأول من القرن التاسع عشر المیلادي ولم يکن من حقھن أن يظھرن إلی الساحۃ الأدبیۃ مباشرۃ وقد ظلت أشعارهن بین الجدران۔
وجاء ذکر الشاعرۃ (حضرت بی بی ولید) التي لھا مجموعات شعریہ متعددۃ وکان ذلک فی القرن الثامن عشر المیلادي وقد توفیت في 1836، وھناک بعض الشاعرات اللاتي جاء ذکرهن في ذلک العھد ومنھن: خضیہ بیگم، بی بی حلیم چندا ماہ لقاء، سید النساء، حیدری خانم، سلطان بیگم سلطان، شمس النساء، رضیہ خاتون جمیلہ، فخر النساء حجاب، رحمت النساء بیگم، سیدہ سردار بیگم اختر وغیرھن من الشاعرات المشھورات ۔
وتعتبر ماہ لقا چندا صاحبۃ الدیوان (الأولی) في الشعر الأردو وقد تم ترتیب دیوانھا في 1798م، 1213ھ، ولکن ذکر نصیر الدین ھاشمي بأن الشاعرۃ لطف النساء تعتبر صاحبۃ الدیوان الأول والأقدم من ماہ لقا چندا لأنھا رتبت دیوانھا في 1212ھ وکان ذلک قبل ماہ لقاء بسنۃ واحدۃ ، وھناک الکثیرات اللاتي لھن الفضل الکبیر في الشعر النسائي ومنھن: نواب شاہ جھاں، رضیہ جمیلہ، عابدہ، زاہدہ خاتون شروانیۃ، وتقول عنھا الدکتورۃ فاطمۃ حسن بأنھا ولدت في 1896ء وتوفیت في 1922 وعمرھا آنذاک 26 عاماً. وتقول الدکتورۃ سلطانہ بخش عن زاھدہ خاتون بأنھا نظمت عدۃ أشعار ولکن تخلصها الشعري کان (زخ ش) وقد ولدت في 1894م ۔ ومن الأمثلۃ علی شعرھا:
میں شانے سے درگزری، أئینے سے باز آئی
اب دل ہی نہیں جس میں ہوذوق خود آرائی
ہر چیز کی صورت میں، ہوں نور کی مورت میں
ناظر نہ ہو جب...

ROLE OF KINESIOPHOBIA ON PAIN, DISABILITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background and Aim: The majority of people suffered with low back pain (LBP) at least once during their lifetime. As such, LBP is a highly prevalent and costly condition. People respond inappropriately as a result of current or possible risks and establish defensive habits (for example, hyper-vigilance) that aim at avoiding new injuries. A continued reconciling of studies which provide various answers for the same issue will be necessary for treatment decisions. This study is performed to conclude the function of Kinesiophobia and check it on   Pain, Disability and Quality of Life in Patients that are suffering from Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Methodology: A Systematic Review has been conducted. Secondary data collected from Electronic database including PubMed, Medline and Cochrain Library from inception to 2010. Total 554 Article found out of which 10 articles included in the study after excluding the duplicate article, Quality screening through Pedro Scale, and article don’t fulfilling the inclusion criteria of the study. Review completed within 9 months after approval of synopsis. Results: According to this Review total Sample size was 554 with mean Sample size 130±90, mean Age 46±5 years, Mean of Pain Intensity (VAS 0-10) 6.12±1.5, mean Pain Duration 30±14, mean Kinesiophobia Measures (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia 0-68) 37±6.5, mean Disability (Oswestry Disability Index 0-100%) 56±27, mean Quality of Life (SF 36 0-100) 39.17±15.197.  Conclusion: TSK scores showed a statistically significant correlation with Pain, Disability, education level, and SF-36 QOL. As the education level decreases, kinesiophobia scores increase and as kinesiophobia scores increase, Level of disability increases and the quality of life decreases. Patients with kinesiophobia presented greater pain intensity, a greater fear of movement and of performing physical activities and it was also associated with worse quality of life.

Investigation of Collective Modes and Instabilities in Quantum Plasmas

The investigation of electrostatic excitations and associated instabilities at the ionic timescale in ultra-high density (degenerate) quantum plasmas plays a fundamental role in understanding the collective interactions in superdense astrophysical systems, such as in white and brown dwarfs, in magnetars, in neutron stars as well as in laboratory such as in ultraintense laser-matter interaction experiments. In this context, a generalized relativistic Chandrasekhar equation of state (EoS) is employed for inertialess degenerate species (electrons/positrons), while the ions are taken as non-degenerate and inertial. The relativistic degeneracy effects in dense astrophysical plasmas play a vital role on the collective dynamics of degenerate dense plasmas. In this thesis, we primarily focus on the analytical and numerical study of linear and nonlinear ion-acoustic (IA) excitations in degenerate electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) dense plasmas, and in particular four different features are investigated. The first investigates the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and Korteweg-de Vries Burgers (KdVB) equations through the well-known reductive perturbation technique. Smaller (in amplitude) and narrower (in width) IA solitons are obtained for increasing values of relativistic degeneracy parameter and positron concentration, while taller and steeper shocks result for higher values of relativistic degeneracy parameter, positron content and ion kinematic viscosity. The second further extends the study to develop and investigate Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) and Zakharov-Kuznetsov Burgers (ZKB) equations governing the three dimensional propagation of IA solitons and shocks in a magnetized degenerate e-p-i dense plasma. It is shown that the characteristics of IA solitons and shocks are substantially influenced by the intrinsic plasma parameters (i.e., the relativistic degeneracy parameter, the positron content, the ion gyrofrequency and the direction cosines). The third application is a comparative study of small amplitude and arbitrary amplitude IA waves in a degenerate e-p-i dense plasma with finite ion temperature effects. Concentrating on large amplitude IA excitations, the fluid equations are scaled and reduced to obtain an energy-balance equation in terms of the Sagdeev potential function. It is shown that the small amplitude expansion of the Sagdeev energy balance equation gives exactly the same result as predicted by the KdV theory, for pulses moving at a weakly supersonic velocity. The range of allowed values of the soliton speed (viz., the minimum and maximum Mach numbers), wherein solitary waves may exist, is determined. The impact of the key plasma configuration parameters, namely the electron relativistic degeneracy parameter, the ion temperature-to-electron Fermi temperature ratio and the positron content, on the soliton characteristics and existence domain, is examined numerically. The fourth involves a detailed theoretical and numerical analysis of nonlinear amplitude modulation of IA waves in a degenerate warm e-p-i plasma. By employing the multi- scale perturbative method, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) for the envelope amplitude is derived, based on which the modulational instability (MI) is also examined. In particular, the relativistic degeneracy parameter has the effect of attenuating the MI. It is shown that various types of localized IA excitations exist in the form of bright type solitons (envelope pulses) or dark type solitons (voids). The relativistic degeneracy parameter, the positron concentration and ion thermal effects significantly modify the occurrence conditions for MI, the associated threshold, the growth rate as well as the characteristics features (amplitude, width) of envelope solitary structures.
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