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تدوین متن کے مدارج

موضوع6:تدوین متن کے مدارج
فراہمی متن:
کسی کتاب کی تدوین کے لیے اس کے جملہ قلمی اور مطبوعہ نسخے فراہم کرنے چاہییں۔چونکہ عملا ایسا مشکل ہے اس لیے اہم نسخوں سے مدد لینا کافی ہے۔
ترتیب متن:
ماخذات کو زبانی،فکری اور موضوعاتی ترتیب دینا
تصحیح متن:
متن جب مصنف کی منشاء کے قریب نہ ہو تو محقق اسے منشائے مصنف تک پہنچانے کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔اس کوشش کو تصحیح متن کہا جاتا ہے۔متن کی تصحیح کا کام چونکہ بہت ذمہ داری کا ہوتا ہے اس لیے یہاں تساہل نہیں برتا جا سکتا۔
تحقیق متن:
تحقیق کے اصولوں کو عمل میں لائیں جو ماخذ ہم تک پہنچا ہے یہ کتنا مستند ہے۔مخطوطے کی پوری طرح چھان بین کریں۔اس کے عہد کے پیرامیٹر ز سے اس کی جانچ کریں۔اگر دو نسخوں میں ایک ہی مقام پر دو مختلف قراتیں ہوں تو کس کو ترجیح دی جائے ؟ متنی نقاد کو ہر قرات کے بارے میں مثبت یا منفی رائے دیتے ہوئے بہت سوجھ بوجھ سے کام لینا چاہیے۔ دونوں صورتوں میں اس پر بہت بڑی ذمہ داری عائد ہوتی ہے :
۱۔ اگر ایک نسخے میں قرآت میں ایسا لفظ استعمال ہوا ہے جو مصنف کے عہد میں رائج نہیں تھا یا کم رائج تھا یا اس کا تلفظ مختلف تھا اور دوسرے نسخے کی قرآت اس عہد سے زیادہ قریب ہے تو دوسری قرآت کو ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۲۔ ایک بامعنی قرآت کو بے معنی قرآت پر ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۳۔ اگر کسی قرآت میں ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ زائد ہیں تودوسری قرآت قابل ترجیح ہوگی۔
۴۔ اگر کسی قرآت میں ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ حذف ہیں تو دوسری قرآت کو ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۵۔ اگر ایک قرآت بامعنی ہے لیکن سیاق وسباق کے مطابق نہیں ہے تو دوسری کو ترجیح...

The Influnce E-Commerce Shopee Strategic Online Purchasing Decision Generation Z in Panam Pekanbaru

E-Commerce competition is becoming increasingly attractive in the world of online shopping, it requires a special strategy in order to compete competitively, E Commerce Shoope performs a Twin Date Event Strategy, Flash Sale, and Free Shipping Cost, Population in this study amounts to 100 people using purposive sampling methods.  Based on the results of this study, Twins Date Events, Flash Sale and Free Shipping have influenced purchasing decisions both partially and simultaneously. The results of the Determination Coefficient show that the magnitude of the influence of both free variables together on the bound variable is 54.7% and the remaining 45.3% is another variable not studied. Future research could delve into these unexplored variables to provide a more comprehensive understanding of what drives purchasing decisions in the e-commerce sector. Understanding these additional factors could further assist e-commerce platforms like Shoope in refining their marketing strategies, ensuring they not only attract but also retain customers in a highly competitive market.  

Molecular Epidemiological and Pathological Studies on Paratuberculosis in Cattle and Buffaloes

Bovine Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease primarily of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). There was limited information available about this disease in the country and there was need to have an understanding about the magnitude and pathology of disease under local conditions. The study was planned to measure the Paratuberculosis prevalence in cattle and buffaloes at twelve government livestock farms , two cattle/buffalo colonies and the slaughterhouse of Faisalabad. A total of 2181 animals from twelve livestock farms, 265 cattle and buffaloes from two cattle/buffalo colonies and 200 consecutive cattle and 200 consecutive buffaloes from the slaughterhouse of Faisalabad, were included in this study. Tuberculin testing was performed on all the animals (cattle and buffaloes) above two years of age present at farms and colonies. Blood and faecal samples were gathered from tuberculin positive (reactor) animals. These samples were further processed by ELISA, ZN microscopy and PCR. Morbid tissue samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes slaughtered at slaughterhouse for histopathology and isolation of the organism. PCR test was used for further confirmation of Mycobacterium from farms, colonies and slaughterhouse also. The data collected from the study was analyzed by using frequency analysis and logistic analysis procedures. The study showed that the prevalence of Paratuberculosis at government livestock farms was 3.8% on the basis of tuberculin + ELISA test, while in case of two cattle/buffalo colonies it varied from 3.4-14.66%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis in both cattle and buffaloes at twelve livestock revealed that specie, milk production, total animals, total small ruminants and total buffaloes showed significant association with occurrence of Paratuberculosis while, the bivariate logistic regression analysis in cattle and buffaloes revealed that farm number, age and number of the total cattle showed significant association with occurrence of Paratuberculosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that herd, age and lactation number showed significant association with the occurrence of Paratuberculosis, while the bivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that herd showed significant association with occurrence of Paratuberculosis. The slaughter house of Faisalabad was also included in the study. Out of total 200cattle and 200 buffaloes, suspected morbid samples of intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes from 25 cattle and 20 buffaloes were collected. These samples were further processed for histopathology and PCR. The main microscopic lesions observed in intestine were the diffuse inflammatory reaction with mononuclear cell infiltration and degenerative and necrotic changes in sub-mucosal glands along with the formation of immature granulomas. Relationship between Zn and PCR showed that 50% animals were found positive by both ZN and PCR. To compare the results of ELISA and PPD, an experiment was carried out on total 140 adult animals at Livestock Experimental Station University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. This revealed that ELISA showed more positive results than tuberculin testing. The study concluded that that tuberculin testing, ELISA, ZN staining and PCR are efficient diagnostic tools to diagnose the disease and use of combination of different tests improves the efficiency and confirmation of the disease.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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