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الفصل الثانی: أسلوب نازك الملائكة وأهم دواوينها

الفصل الثانی: أسلوب نازك الملائكة وأهم دواوينها
المبحث الأول: ممیزات أشعار نازك الملائکۃ
یوجد في شعر نازک الملائکۃ ’’القیمۃ الفعلیۃ‘‘ وھذہ القیمۃ لا تتمثل في أن شعرھا قابل للتقلید أو أخذہ کنموذج مثالي یقتدي بہ من بعدھا الآخرون، ولکن المیزۃ الممتازہ في شعرھا بأن لدیھا القدرۃ علی التحرر من العاطفۃ والرومانسیۃ وما إلی ذلک۔
ویذکر شوقي بزیغ في مجلۃ العدد’’ وقد تکون تربیۃ نازک المحافظۃ ونشأتھا في أسرہ متعلقۃ بأھداب القیم الموروثۃ ھي من بین العوامل التي دفعتھا إلی احترام العادات والتقالید المحیطۃ لھا من کل جانب، وعلی الرغم من إقامتھا الطویلۃ في أمریکا فنحن لا نلمع في شعرھا ما یشي بالتجرؤ علی الأعراف السائدۃ وتجاوز المحظورات لابل إننا نکاد لا نعرف شيئاً عن حیاتھا الخاصۃ أو عن علاقاتھا العاطفیۃ التي سبقت الزواج‘‘ ۔
فیذکر شوقي بزیغ لا بد من الاعتراف بأن نازک، بسبب النشأۃ أو الخوف أو مکانۃ المرأۃ العربیۃ أو بعض الظروف الاجتماعیۃ لم تسمح للشاعرۃ أن تتعمق في الحداثۃ أو بما تکون الحالۃ الاجتماعیۃ أو مکانتھا أو عادات البيئة العربیۃ والواقع العربي والعراقي بوجہ خاص وقد تکون ھذہ الظروف نفسھا ھي التي لونت معظم قصائدھا بلون الحزن والألم ، وجعلت الموت یحتل موقعاً متعلقاً في نظرتھا، ولکن الجانب الإیجابي یحجب علی حزنھا ویظھر الجانب الآخر وھي قدرتھا علی تحویل حزنھا إلی مادۃ للتأمل الھادئ والتبصر العمیق والتعجب في الحیاۃ وفي أحوال النفس وأسرارھا، وھو ما تکمن ملاحظتہ في قصائدھا مثل "أجراس سوداء" و "مرثیۃ یوم تامہ" و "الشخص الثاني" و "الخیط المشدود في شجرۃ السرو" وغیرھا ۔ نلاحظ أن معظم قصائدھا ملون بلون الحزن والألم وقد تکون أسبابھا لیست ظاھرۃ ولکن ربما یکون ھناک سر مختبيئ في قلب الشاعرہ، وھي لا تستطیع إظھارہ وذلک بسبب حالة من الحالات أو بسبب ظروف معینۃ ویتضح ألمھا الداخلي ونظرتھا الی الوجود والأشیاء، بأنھا فانیة لا حیاۃ لھا۔

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase: Function and Responses to Different Stresses in Plants

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is the most commonly studied signaling mechanisms, consisting of different groups of protein kinases that participate in regularly connecting interpretation of external stimuli that can change in gene expression or cellular organization within eukaryotic systems. The MAP kinase pathways functions in plants cell signaling (intra- and extra). MAPK cascades follow a response system. MAP kinases are the component of kinase constituents that deliver signals from sensors to responders in eukaryotes including plants. Several pathways are activated under different environmental stresses. Stimulating agents may be biological (biotic) like microbial infections or environmental (abiotic) like temperatures threshold, high salt concentration, drought, heavy metal, Ultra-violet radiation, ozone gases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The involvement of MAPK signaling pathway in different stresses has been widely studied. In this review we also try to highlight MAPK cascades, its regulation, functions and recent findings in various cellular processes against stress conditions.

Antiglycation and Antioxidant Activities of Some Desert Plants.

Traditional uses of plants have been found since the time of antiquity. Their medicinal use has got attention of modern day researchers due to easy availability, less cost and negligible side effects.Sustained hyperglycemia causing diabetes and its complication is implicated by free radicals and AGEs leading to oxidative stress, damages different cell components. In the present study desert plants of Cholistan were selected including Boerhavia repens, Cleome brachycarpa vahl.ex.DC, Cymbopogon jawarancusa, Dipterygium glaucum, Prosopis cineraria and Fagonia indica as these were found to be unexplored. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited strong presence of saponins, steroids and alkaloids except C. brachycarpa vahl.ex.DC. P. cineraria and C. jawarancusa showed considerable presence of flavonoids which was further confirmed by quantitative analysis of plants for crude flavonoids contents. Saponins were found to be maximum for F. indica and alkaloids in C. jawarancusa. Extract yield (%) was found to be maximum for D. glaucum aqueous extract and P. cineraria methanolic extract. Highest amount of total phenolics were found in F. indica aqueous extract and P. cineraria methanolic extract. When antioxidant activities were determined by reducing power assay, maximum activity was shown by aqueous extract of P. cineraria and F. indica methanolic extract expressed as mmol of AAE/g dw of extract. Aqueous and methanolic extract were analyzed for inhibition of lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid system and maximum activity was shown by F. indica aqueous as well as methanolic extractat maximum concentration. EC50 was calculated and aqueous extract of C. jawarancusa was most effective while methanolic extract of F. indica was found to be more potent antioxidant. Significant inhibition of free radical scavenging by DPPH method was exhibited for all plant extract with maximum value for F. indica aqueous extract and minimum by B. repens .Whereas methanolic extract of P. cineraria exerted maximum inhibition and it was also found to be most effective when EC50 was calculated. All these methods were performed to have a comprehensive over view of plants antioxidant activities. Rate of glycation was found to be increasing with increasing temperature. Glycation level quantification by TBA method and all tested plants were reported for maximum glycation level at first week of incubation. P. cineraria methanolic extract was noted for maximum inhibition of glycation and D. glaucum for minimum response at 37°C. At 50°C P. cineraria and F. indica were reported for minimum glycation level at 2nd week of incubation. Appreciable inhibition was observed by P. cineraria, C. jawarancusa and C. brachycarpa vahl ex DC at third week of incubation and minimum glycation inhibition was exerted by F. indica. All plants were found to be considerable antioxidant and antiglycation agent but P. cineraria and F. indica conferred highest antioxidant and antiglycation activities. The potential for these activities may be explained in term of high total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and rich saponins of F. indica attributing towards medicinal properties.
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