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المبحث الثاني: حقيقة الشعر الحر

المبحث الثاني: حقيقة الشعر الحر

 بدأت الدعوۃ تنمو وتتسع حتی بدأت القصائد حرۃ الوزن تظھر في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ، وفي عام 1950م تم نشر أول دیوان للشاعر العراقي عبدالوھاب البیاتي بإسم (ملائکۃ وشیاطین)[1] وکان فیہ قصائد حرة الوزن۔

وظھر بعدہ (المساء الخیر) لشاذل طاقۃ ، ثم تلا ذلک (أساطیر) لبدر شاکر السیاب. ولکن ھناک الکثیر من الأدباء الکبار الذین أنکروا ھذہ الحرکۃ وتوقعوا لھا الھزیمۃ والفشل وأیضاً اعتقدوا بأن معانیھا غیر مبتکرۃ. وقد قال الشاعر عمران العمران[2]: "وذلک أن التجدید في الشعر لا یکون بالتنکر لقوانینہ إنما یکون الابتکار في المعاني، کما یکون في الإبداع بالأسلوب وفي استحداث الصور والأخیلۃ الملائمۃ لبيئة الشاعر وحیاتہ المعاصرۃ[3]، وقال أیضاً : "علی أي حال، فإن مایسمی بالشعر الحر یمثل الھزیمۃ الأدبیۃ للأمۃ العربیۃ وھی ھزیمۃ لا تقل بحال عن ھزائمنا السیاسیۃ والعسکریۃ"[4]، وقال أیضاً في موضع: "علی أن ما یسمی بالشعر الحر یمکن اعتبارہ من قبیل النثر، بمعنی أن الجید منہ یمثل وجھاً أدبیاً، بل فکراً عربیاً، أما الرديء فإنہ یدخل في باب الکلام العادي الذي لا یختلف عن کلام السوقۃ والعوام، وقد ینتظم بعضہ مفھوم الھذر في أحیان کثیرۃ"[5]۔



[1] الملائکۃ، نازک، قضایا الشعر المعاصر، سبق ذکرہ، ص 37

[2] عمران محمد العمران، الأستاذ الأدیب الشاعر والناثر السعودي فلہُ مشارکات ثقافیۃ وأعمال أدبیۃ 
ونثریۃ۔

[3] العمران ، عمران بن محمد، ھوامش أدیبۃ(الطبعۃ الأولی، 1992م) بدون مکان النشر، ص17۰۔

Terrorism in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan: A Case Study of Safoora-Incident

Terrorism is contentious issue. It has affected the lives of people across the country. This paper analyses the factors for incidence of terrorism in Karachi city which has great economic importance for country. The city represents all communities belonging to various parts of the country. Migration of people from other provinces has significally changed demographic profile of the city. This study presents statistics about various offences committed in Hyderabad and Karachi. It describes important facts about the militant groups involved in the acts of terrorism in Karachi. It has been argued in the study that in some cases the acts of violence were politically motivated and in other cases terrorism acts were sponsored by religious groups. In order to understand the complex phenomenon of terrorism in Karachi, this study investigates the root causes of terrorism including economic deprivation. In most cases marginal sections of society have been found involved in the acts of terrorism. Thus, this study creates need for social reforms, poverty alleviation and provision of quality education. Further capacity-building of Law Enforcement Agencies to cope with this situation has been emphasized in this study. This paper also recommends some proposals for dealing with the issue of terrorism.

Neuropharmacological Studies on Memory Enhancing and Reinforcing Effects of Cns Stimulants in Rats Exposed to Unpredictable Repeated Stress

There is growing increase in the prevalence of depression and obesity. In addition there is growing need of cognitive enhancers. CNS stimulants seem to be effective alternative for all these therapies but are addictive. Apomoprhine, a D1/D2 agonist also produces CNS stimulant like effects. The present study is designed to monitor antidepressant and cognitive improving effects of apomorphine, methylphenidate and caffeine in rats exposed to unpredictable repeated stress. Antidepressant like effects was monitored as the ability of drug to reduce stress effects on locomotion in a familiar as well as novel environment. Reinforcing effects of drug were monitored as drug-induced behavioral sensitization and place preference in a CPP paradigm. Cognitive performance and drug-induced enhancement of learning and memory were monitored in a Morris Water Maze Test. Apomoprhine, methylphenidate and caffeine exhibit antidepressant like effects by producing hyperlocomtion and anorexia. Long term administration of moderate dose of apomorphine and low doses of methylphenidate and coffee produces sensitization and enhances CPP greater in stressed animals. However when apomorphine is experienced during the exposure of unpredictable repeated stress it suppresses stress effects and enhances locomotion, drug induced sensitization was also smaller. Single as well as repeated administration of low dose of methylphenidate enhances short term and long term memory whereas high dose enhances memory retention and produces sensitization and reinforcement. Coffee is also effective in reducing stress-induced cognitive impairment, but reinforcing when taken at high dose specially for stressful conditions. The present study shows that CNS stimulants such as methylphenidate and caffeine can reduce stress effects and may be useful for the treatment of depression. Apomorphine which also produces CNS stimulant like effects is also similarly effective. Moreover the present results tend to suggest that psychostimulant as well as apomorphine can improve cognitive performance and alleviate stress-induced memory impairment. Psychostimulant as well as apomorphine have addictive potential and should not be used for long term.
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