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دولتِ دردِ یار مل جائے

دولتِ دردِ یار مل جائے
زندگی کو قرار مل جائے

عشق پابندِ رنگ و ذات نہیں
دل کا جس سے بھی تار مل جائے

وقتِ رخصت ہے اب خدا کے لیے
ہم سے وہ ایک بار مل جائے

اُس کا ملنا خزاں رسیدہ کو
جیسے فصلِ بہار مل جائے

درد مندوں کو رشک ہو تائبؔ
درد یوں بے شمار مل جائے

پر امن معاشرے میں تعلیم کا کردار

Education play main role in modern society and main purpose of education is to create a society characterized by holiness and reconciliation so that society is filled with a spirit of sympathy, sadness and good will. In no time has the usefulness of education and its spirituality been devalued. Education is recognized as a symbol of the greatness the living nations and civilized society.  Educated society reflects patience humble, grateful, fear and the most important habit such as determination and become an integral part of life. Even the educated society is considered to be a true pioneer of courage and human values. Education plays a positive role in empowering the weakest society. On the other hand educated people can think of the happiness and the well-being of humanity due to the light knowledge and their sincere efforts when working in this society so of course this will directly benefit those who are weak and ignorant in the society and the key to maximizing humanity. The light of education should also go to homes that are deprived of wealth and helplessness. It also means abiding by the law showing respect to women and helping the weak. Controlling bad temper and language being polite and following proper etiquette in a gathering is also part of good social behavior. In short good social behavior is living decently, peacefully, and with dignity among others without hurting or disturbing them. Good social behavior helps us live amicably in our society. It promotes good will and understanding among people and cultivates a clean, healthy environment for all citizens

Improvement of Activity and Thermostability Characteristics of Fungal Pectinases

Pectinases, also known as pectolytic or pectic enzymes, belong to the family of polysaccharidases that contribute to the breakdown of pectins from a variety of plants. Due to versatility in types and reactions catalyzed by these pectin degrading enzymes they have been the focus of research from many decades. The day by day growing demand of pectinases to be employed at commercial level has rendered the research of finding novel pectinases with improved activities and their modification for higher thermal and operational stabilities with affordable costs. In the first step of the present study, cultural conditions were optimized for enhanced production of exo-PG by Penicillium notatum and Cariolus versicolor. Different agricultural wastes were used as substrates for their potential to be used for the production of exo-PG under solid state fermentation conditions. Among these, the wheat bran was proved to be the best substrate for production of exo-PG under solid state fermentation conditions. Under optimized conditions the enzyme activity was observed to be 113 U/gds and 100 U/gds using Penicillium notatum and Cariolus versicolor respectively. Penicillium notatum provided higher activities of exo-PG so it was selected for further production optimization studies under RSM approach which resulted in 131% improvement in activity of exo-PG. Penicillium notatum exo-PG was purified to homogeneity by 3 step purification strategy to achieve 3.05 fold purified enzyme with 2.5% recovery and a specific activity of 27.79 U/mg. 2 different isoforms of exo-PG were detected during column purification with molecular weight of one isoform 20 kDa while other showed 85kDa after SDS-PAGE. Exo-PGI was optimally active at pH 6.0 and 50 °C. The Michaelis-Menten constants km and Vmax of exo-PGI from Penicillium notatum for pectin hydrolysis at optimum temperature were 16.6 mg/mL and 20 mmol/mL min-1 respectively. The Penicillium notatum exo-PGI was stable in the broad acidic pH range, with maximum stability in the range of 4.5-6.0. The enzyme followed biphasic deactivation kinetics. Phase-I of the exo-PGI showed a half-life of 6.83 min and 2.39 min at 55 and 80 °C respectively and phase-II of the enzyme showed a half-life of 63.57 min. and 22.72 minutes at 55 and 80 °C respectively. The activation energy for denaturation was 51.66kJ/mole and 44.06kJ/mole for the phase-I and phase-II of the exo-PGI respectively. The enzyme activity was enhanced significantly by Mn2+. Exposure to hydrophobic environment (urea solution) decreased the enzyme activity. Then the Penicillium notatum exo-PGI was immobilized by carrier bound techniques of immobilization on sodium alginate support in order to improve the thermal stability characteristics. Covalent immobilization was more efficient in terms of high relative activity and immobilization efficiency as compared to adsorption immobilization on Na- alginate. Both the immobilization techniques greatly enhanced the thermal stability of enzyme. Temperature optima for exo-PGI activity shifted to higher temperatures as compared to free enzyme. The reusability of immobilized enzyme was very good in both cases of immobilization. Finally the application potential of this exo-PGI from Penicillium notatum was checked by treating various fruit juices. Exo-PGI treatments resulted in significant clarification of fruit juices as evaluated by turbidity, viscosity and absorbance (660nm) measurements.
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