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فصل پنجم: آیاتِ استفہام میں فہمِ آخرت

دین کی اصل توحید ہے قرآن کے مطلوب انسان کی زندگی ایک اللہ کی وفادار ہوتی ہے اس کا ہر سجدہ ،ہر امید، ہر اندیشہ، ہر محبت، ہر خوف، ہر دعا ،ہر عبادت صرف اور صرف اللہ کے لئے ہوتی ہے وہ اپنے رب کے ساتھ کسی کو شریک کرنے کا تصور بھی نہیں کر سکتا اللہ کے سوا کوئی رب نہیں ہے وہ واحد و یکتا ہے وہی معبود برحق ہے ۔

اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ قرآن مجید میں ارشاد فرماتے ہیں:

" اِنَّ اِلٰهَكُم لَوَاحِدٌ "۔[[1]]

"بیشک الہ تم سب کا ایک ہے"۔

قرآن میں بہت سے مقامات پر ہمیں توحید کا بیان ملتا ہے۔اس آیت میں الہ کی بنیادی نوعیت یہ ہے کہ معبود حقیقی سب کا ایک ہی ہے۔ اس میں تعدد کا احتمال نہیں ہے یہ خدائی اور معبودی ہے نہ اس کے سوا کسی کو معبود بنا سکتے ہیں اور نہ ہی کسی اور سے خیر کی توقع کی جا سکتی ہے۔ یہ توحید ہی سب سے پہلی اور سب سے بڑی چیز ہے جو ملت ابراہیم علیہ السلام کی وراثت کی حیثیت سے اس امت مسلمہ کی طرف منتقل ہوئی ہے ۔ اللہ تعالیٰ اپنی ذات و صفات میں یکتاو یگانہ ہے کوئی اس کی برابری کرنے والا نہیں ہے کوئی اسکا ہمسر مسلمان ہونے کے لیے ان تمام عقائد پر ایمان لانا ضروری ہے جن کو ہمیں قرآن میں حکم دیا گیا ہے۔

 ارکان"رکن" کی جمع ہے اور رکن کسی بھی چیز کا اہم جز ہوتا ہے جس کے بغیر وہ مکمل نہیں ہوسکتی ایمان کے چھ ارکان ہیں لہذا اگر ایمان کا ایک رکن بھی ساقط ہو جائے تو انسان مومن نہیں رہتا خواہ وہ لاکھ ایمان کے دعوے کرتا رہے جیسے...

Dietary Options in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome & Die1

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is thedisease condition in which our gastrointestinal(GI) tract is affected and cause abdominal pain and discomfort that is associated with change in the stools form and frequency. In this condition one may suffer from diarrhea, constipation or both at the same time. This disorder is very common now days because of unhealthy eating habits mostly in females. Manyfactors are responsible for IBS like food, environment, genetic and psychological factors. IBS can be overcomed by improving our eating habits and lifestyle and also by following different diets like FODMAP and GLUTEN FREE diet. Probiotics and herbs are also very beneficial in curing IBS.

Assessment of Biomethane Production from Animal and Crop Waste Through Anaerobic Digestion Process

Biomethane being a mixture of gases a possible solution for the energy crisis worldwide. The biomethane comes from anaerobic digestion (AD) process that can be run with the widely available lignocellulosic biomass like agricultural and municipal waste which otherwise would have been wasted in raw. In the past, the common usage of manure was to be applied as a fertilizer, which can have an adverse environmental impact in terms of terrestrial eutrophication and emission of greenhouse gases. These days, a solution applied for wastes and residues is to treat them with the simultaneous recovery of energy through anaerobic digestion (AD). The present study was designed to increase the methane production by using codigestion and photo-catalytic oxidation with aim to increase the methane production by synergism/biodegradability and lignin oxidation respectively. In the first step, the substrates were separately analyzed for mono-digestion where wheat straw (WS) produced 255 mLCH4/gVS, meadow grass (MG) produced 301 mLCH4/gVS and cattle manure (CM) produced 307 mLCH4/gVS. Furthermore, the co-digestion results revealed a maximum of 25 per cent increase in methane production which had a significance level of p<0.05 over mono-digestion of cattle manure (CM), when 25 per cent of the manure contents were replaced with lignocellulosic biomass. The over-all biodegradation of the above mentioned combination also reached to 84 per cent in co-digestion from 67 per cent in monodigestion. In the second step the wheat straw (WS) which produced least methane in mono-digestion experiments was subjected to photo-catalytic oxidation with titanium oxide TiO2 and ultraviolet light of 200-400 nm (UV). Specifically, four different TiO2 concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent (w/w) were tested xvii at three different irradiation times (0, 1, 2, and 3 hours). Among the products from the oxidative degradation of lignin under TiO2/UV catalyst system, vanillic acid and ferulic acid were detected at a maximum value of 91.18±2.00 mg/L and 1.67±0.01 mg/L, using 2.0 per cent (w/w) TiO2 for 3 hours. Moreover, the most effective pretreatment strategy (1.5 per cent (w/w) TiO2 and 3 hours) was found to increase the biodegradability of wheat straw up to 37 per cent compared to untreated biomass. The positive impact of photo-catalytic pretreatment was also observed in continuous trials, when methane production was increased by 25 per cent. The photo-catalytic oxidation of lignin-rich substrates is a promising method to disrupt the non degradable organic fraction under mild conditions. It is expected that thorough study of this process can still increase methane production to many folds at industrial scale. Not only high methane yield but also the direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass can be attained e.g vanillic and ferulic acid. Therefore, it is also expected that application of this methodology for production of biomethane in future will not only help to overcome shortfall of energy but also will provide environmental benefits
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