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١۔اجازت

اجازت

شاہد اشرف

"یہ راستہ آگے چل کر چشمے کی طرف نکلتا ہے " راہگیر یہ کہ کر آگے بڑھ گیا. میں شش و پنج میں مبتلا اسے جاتے ہوئے دیکھتا رہا پھر آہستہ آہستہ رستے پر گامزن ہو گیا. اس نے کہا تھا کہ. تھوڑے فاصلے پر چشمہ ہے اور چشمے کا نام و نشان دکھائی نہیں دیتا تھا. میں تھکن, پژ مردگی اور مایوسی سے پہلے ہر حال میں چشمے تک پہنچنا چاہتا تھا. پختہ سڑک کے بعد یہ راستہ زائرین کو پیدل طے کرنا پڑتا تھا. آخر کار چشمہ آ گیا . میں نے پانی پیا اور وہیں زمین پر بیٹھ گیا. اُس نے مجھے یہاں تک آنے کے لیے کہا تھا, اس کے بعد مزار تک پہنچنے کا فاصلہ مجھے اس کے ساتھ طے کرنا تھا. وہ میرے بعد چشمے پر پہنچا اور آتے ہی بولا " آؤ چلیں " ہم چل پڑے اور راستے میں باتیں کرتے رہے. ایک طویل فاصلہ طے کرنے کے بعد اس نے دور سے مزار کی طرف اشارہ کیا اور پھر نا معلوم منزل کی جانب گامزن ہو گیا۔ میں مزار کی طرف بڑھنے لگا ۔ جلد ہی مجھے احساس ہو گیا۔ میں جتنا مزار کے قریب جاتا ہوں ۔ مزار اتنا ہی مجھ سے دور ہو جاتا ہے ۔ میں نے تیز بھاگنے کی کوشش کی اور میرا سانس پھول گیا. میرے پاؤں بوجھل ہونے لگے اور میں حسرت و یاس کے عالم میں مزار کی طرف دیکھتا رہا. مجھے معلوم ہو گیا کہ مجھے باریابی کی اجازت نہیں ہے. میں اپنے بعد آنے والوں کو مزار کی سمت جاتے دیکھتا ہوں۔ سب مجھے حیرت سے دیکھ کر گزر جاتے ہیں۔ میں خستہ حال اور تہی دست ایک عمر سے وہاں پر رکا ہوا ہوں.

أهمية ثقافة الحوار في الإسلام وجهود المملكة العربية السعودية في نشرها

This is the unique quality of Islam that it respects all the religions. It strictly opposes the preaching of religion based on enforcement, power, misconduct, and discrimination and promotes the culture of dialogue to create an atmosphere of harmony. In this way, it emphasis upon the trends of mutual understanding and cooperation. Allah Almighty has directed it because commonalities on dialogue the start to (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy enhances the interfaith harmony. This research work discusses the importance of culture of dialogue in Islam and highlights the efforts of the KSA in disseminating and promoting that culture at national, regional and international levels. It also refers to the efforts exerted by official and non-official Saudi institutions in advocating dialogue and rapprochement between sects in different societies, promoting peaceful coexistence among different religions and civilizations, and activating conferences and scientific seminars that discuss dialogue and peaceful coexistence. In this research, I used the deductive analysis methodology and concluded that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia serves Islam by: -Opening the horizons of communication and exchange of knowledge with the other in order to provide a true picture of Islam. -Working to promote the real teachings of Islam in terms of tolerance and passion. -Cooperating in spreading security, peace, virtuous values and building a global system of ethics.

Study of Electrostatic Modes and Potential of a Projectile in a Hot Magnetized Non- Maxwellian Dusty Plasma

The electrostatic potentials (Debye and wake) and energy loss due to a charged projectile propagating through an dusty plasma are derived employing kappa and generalized (r,q) velocity distributions for the Dust Acoustic Wave (DAW). It is found that these quantities in general differ from their Maxwellian counterparts and are sensitive to the values of spectral index, kappa in case of kappa distribution and to r, q in case of generalized (r,q) distribution. The amplitudes of these quantities are less for small values of the spectral index (kappa, r=0, q) but approach to the Maxwellian in the limit κ→∞ (for kappa distribution) and for r=0, q→∞ (for generalized (r, q) distribution). For any non-zero value of r, the potential and the energy loss grow beyond the Maxwellian results. The effect of kappa and generalized (r, q) distributions on potential and energy loss is also studied numerically and the results are compared with those of the Maxwellian distribution. A generalized dielectric constant for the electron Bernstein waves using non- Maxwellian distribution functions is derived in a collisionless, uniform magnetized plasma. Using Neumann''s series expansion for the products of Bessel functions, we can derive dispersion relations for both kappa and the generalized (r,q) distributions in a straight forward manner. The dispersion relations now become dependent upon the spectral indices κ and (r,q) for the kappa and the generalized (r,q) distribution respectively. Our results show how the non-Maxwellian dispersion curves deviate from the Maxwellian depending upon the values of the spectral indices chosen. Pure dust Bernstein waves are also investigated using non- Maxwellian kappa and (r,q) distribution functions. Dispersion relations for both distributions are derived considering waves whose frequency is of the order of dust cyclotron frequency and dispersion curves are plotted. It is observed that the propagation band for dust Bernstein waves is rather narrow as compared with the electron Bernstein waves. However the band width increases for higher harmonics, for both kappa and (r,q) distributions. Effect of dust charge on dispersion curves is also studied and one observes that with increasing dust charge, the dispersion curves shift toward the lower frequencies. Increasing the dust to ion density ratio causes the dispersion curve to shift toward the higher frequencies. Relevance of this work can be found in astrophysical dusty plasmas where non-Maxwellian distribution is present along with the dust particles.
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