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اردو ادب کی تنقیدی تاریخ___ ایک جائزہ

اردو ادب کی تنقیدی تاریخ___ ایک جائزہ

عبداللہ نعیم رسول پی ۔ایچ۔ ڈی اسکالر

 نظریاتی حوالے سے دنیائے ادب سید احتشام حسین کو ایک ترقی پسند ادیب کے طور پر جانتی ہے۔ آپ کی ادبی شخصیت کی کئی جہتیں ہیں، آپ نے افسانہ ، مضمون ،تاریخ ، تنقید ، ڈرامااور سفرنامہ لکھا۔ زیرِ نظر ان کی کتاب‘‘ اردو ادب کی تنقیدی تاریخ’’ ہے۔ کتاب کے نام سے تو یہی معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ یہ اردو ادب کی تنقید کی تاریخ ہے جبکہ یہ اردو ادب کی تاریخ کی کتاب ہے ، تنقیدی تاریخ تو صرف نام ہے، تاریخ بھی ایسی جو نامکمل، تحقیق سے دور کا واسطہ نہیں۔

 یہ کتاب کئی بار اشاعت کے عمل سے گزر چکی ہے۔ ۱۹۸۳ء میں اس کتاب کی پہلی اشاعت ہوئی جبکہ زیرِ نظر اشاعت دسویں ہے جو انڈیا ( نئی دہلی) کے ادارے قومی کونسل برائے فروغِ اردو زبان سے ۲۰۱۶ ء میں شائع ہوئی۔ اس اشاعت کے ۳۴۱ صفحات ہیں۔ کتاب کا پیش لفظ ڈائریکٹر قومی کونسل برائے فروغِ اردو زبان پروفیسر سید علی کریم نے لکھا۔ مذکورہ کتاب ۱۴، ابواب پر مشتمل ہے جو ترتیب وار درج کیے جاتے ہیں۔

۱۔             اردو زبان اور ادب کی ابتدا               ۲۔            اردو، دکن میں                             

۳۔            دلّی، اٹھارویں صدی میں                   ۴۔            اردو نثر کی ابتدا اور تشکیل                

۵۔            اودھ کی دنیائے شاعری                   ۶۔            نظیر اکبر آبادی اور ایک خاص روایت کا ارتقا

۷۔           قدیم دّلی کی ٓخری بہار                        ۸۔            اردو نثر: فورٹ ولیم کالج اور اس کے بعد

۹۔            نئے دور سے پہلے: نظم اور نثر              ۱۰۔           نیا شعور اور نیا نثری ادب

۱۱۔           نشاط ثانیہ کی اردو شاعری                  ۱۲۔           نظم میں نئی...

حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية

حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية This research aims to give the reader a comprehensive view of civil human rights through a comparative study of the Charter of Medina and international conventions. The Charter of Medina designed the foundation of a multi-religious Islamic state in Medina, as it was signed to end the rancorous intertribal aggression among the opposing tribes of Banu ’Aws and Banu Khazraj in Medina and to uphold harmony and co-operation among all Medinan groups. Its major accomplishment was fetching confrontational clans together to form a community and inaugurating long term peace among them. It put an end to the predominant disorder and sheltered the life, self-determination, property and religious freedom for all people. The paper highlights the relevance and importance of civil human rights through the Charter of Medina as well as international conventions in the up-to-date worldwide civilization. The present research examines the historical document of Charter of Medina and elucidates it through examples from Quran and Sunnah as well as compares its core values with international conventions. In this regard the views of the past and contemporary scholarship are also discussed to analyze the challenges and issues of current time. In recent times the efforts and implications of civil human rights have unfolded in many different ways so it is very important for Muslims to know and to relate the Sharī’ah ruling regarding it. The research concludes that as compare to the international convections the system of justice in the Islamic Sharī’ah ensures all rights and with liabilities.

Software Measurement Programs: Evaluations and Solutions

Every software development process either generates or uses measurement data that is essential to understand, evaluate, improve and predict the software processes, products, and resources. Software development organizations implement measurement programs (MPs) as part of their measurement processes. However, implementing successful MPs still remains a challenge. The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively evaluate and then contribute towards planning and implementation issues of MPs. This research is conducted in three phases: 1) problem identification 2) solution design and 3) industrial evaluation of solutions. A mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods is used appropriately for each phase. In the first phase, comprehensive literature reviews of the studies on MPs are conducted to enable a better understanding of the existing measurement planning models, tools, challenges, success factors, and metrics selection methods of implementing MPs in general and specifically for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In addition, challenges of implementing MPs in large organizations and SMEs are analyzed. In the second phase, multiple solutions are proposed to improve the planning of MPs. The solutions are based on the analysis of research gaps involving the challenges and success factors of implementing MPs. First, a set of key components of MPs is identified for planning a MP. Second, a model of success factors for planning MPs in general is proposed. Third, a model of success factors for planning MPs specifically in SMEs is proposed. Fourth, a model called data-driven measurement for software prediction (D2MSP) is proposed to overcome the challenge of using already collected measurement data for prediction of software attributes e.g., defects. In the third phase, the solutions are evaluated in the software development industry with the help of surveys and empirical data of software projects. A set of key components and a model of success factors are evaluated based on a survey among 200 software professionals working in the Pakistani software development industry. A model of success for planning MPs specifically in SMEs is evaluated based on a survey among 217 software professionals working in SMEs of Pakistan. The D2MSP model is evaluated using a dataset of 760 projects and later applied in a software development organization as a case study. Overall, this research contributes to the theory and practice of software measurement by providing an improved understanding of planning software MPs and proposing and validating models of success factors and the D2MSP model for planning MPs.
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