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اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار (پروفیسر احتشام حسین)

اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار(پروفیسر احتشام حسین)
جس طرح اردو تنقید میں مولانا حالی ، شبلی نعمانی مشہور ہوئے اسی طرح ان کے بعد تیسری اہم شخصیت پروفیسر احتشام حسین ہیں۔مولانا حالی نے مغربی علماء کی کتابیں پڑھ کر ان تصورات کو ذہن میں رکھ کر اردو تنقید کی شیرازہ بندی کی۔احتشام حسین ترقی پسند تحریک سے وابستہ تھے۔انہوں نے اس تحریک کے اصولوں کو سامنے رکھا اور انہوں نے نا صرف ترقی پسندوں کے نظریات و خیالات کومدنظر رکھا بلکہ مارکسی ،سماجی اور ترقی پسند تحریک کے اصولوں کو سامنے رکھا۔
۱۹۳۶ء تا ۱۹۷۲ء کے ادبی تنقیدی منظر نامے پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو نظریاتی تنقید کو پروان چڑھانے میں جن لوگوں کا حصہ ہے ان میں سب سے نمایاں نام سید احتشام حسین کا ہے۔ ان کا تنقیدی نظریہ "نظریاتی تنقید" کے نام سے مشہور ہوا۔ تنقید کے حوالے سے جب ہم بات کرتے ہیں تو یہ بات سامنے آتی ہے کہ نقاد کو فطری اور سماجی علوم، انسانی تمدن کی تاریخ، زبان کی پیدائش اور نشوونما کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیے بغیر تنقید کے میدان میں قدم نہیں رکھنا چاہیے ورنہ وہ اس دشوار گزار منزل سے نہ گزر سکے گا۔
اردو میں نظریاتی تنقید کے حوالے سے جو کام ہوا ہے اس میں ترقی پسند تحریک کی جو بنیا د قائم ہوئی اس پر ترقی پسند نقادوں نے عمارت قائم کی اور احتشام حسین نے انہی اصولوں کو مدنظر رکھ کر کام کیا۔یہ سچ ہے کہ احتشام حسین نے اپنی تنقید نگاری میں مارکسزم سے استفادہ کیا مگر ساتھ ہی انہوں نے دوسرے مغربی نقادوں کے تصورات سے فائدہ اٹھایا۔ان کا خیال ہے کہ اگر تنقید محض عملی کام ہے اور محض تاثرات کا بیان نہیں ہے تو ان تمام جدید علوم سے کام لینا ہوگا جن سے زندگی اور ادب کو سمجھا...

KEEFEKTIFAN PENGGUNAAN MEDIA FILM DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS TEKS CERPEN SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 34 MAKASSAR

The study aims at describing the effectiveness of the use of film media in learning to write short story of class VII students at SMPN 34 Makassar. The study is an experimental true design with posttest-only control design. The study was conducted at SMPN 34 Makassar. The populations of the study were 292 students of class VII. The samples were taken by employing simple random sampling and obtained class VII1 as the experiment class and class VII3 as the control class. Data collections were then analyzed using descriptive statistic analysis an inferential statistics analysis. The results of the study indicated that students’ ability at the experiment class that wrote short story by employing film media showed extremely sufficient result. Students who were able to abtain above the set KKM was 83, 3% or 25 students, and students who obtained below the set KKM was 16, 7% or 5 students. On the other hand, students’ ability at the control class that wrote short story by employing conventional media (pictures) showed sufficient result. Students who were able to abtain above the set KKM was 54, 8% or 17 students, and students who obtained below the set KKM was 45, 2% or 14 students. So, the results indicated that the use of film media is effective to be used in learning to write short story proved by the hypothesis test which used inferential statistic of independent sample test obtained the t score by 4,405 with the independent degree 59 at the level of significant p= 0,000 because α = 0, 05 > p = 0,000 so H0 hypothesis was rejected and H1 hypothesis was accepted. Suggestions based on the study are teachers should use variation, one of the examples is by using film media in learning to write short story. Students should be active to learn how to write and should have more practices in writing short story. Students should be active to learn how to write and should have more practices in writing short story. The researches should use this research as a reference to conduct further study with different learning strategy to obtain alternative of learning strategies.

Influence of Consumer Innovativeness, Dogmatism, Social Character and Need for Uniques on New Product Adoption: A Rural Perspective

Purpose: This study provides a theoretical framework that explores the personality traits that influence new product adoption in rural environment. Five personality traits form part of the framework, namely; consumer innovativeness, dogmatism, social character (inner and other directed), and need for uniqueness. This study will pave a way in understanding the potential behavior of consumers toward adoption of a newly introduced product in a given environment. Following the conceptualization of NPA, a conceptual model was proposed which represents five hypotheses: two hypotheses were supported and three hypotheses were not supported. Methodology: The data was collected from selected (rural) areas of upper Sindh province of Pakistan using convenient sampling procedure; there were 430 respondents in the sample. Five-point Likert scale was adapted for the study, and a pilot test was used to confirm the validity of the scales and the correctness of the datagathering procedure. Following the data gathering and coding, validity and reliability tests were carried out on the entire sample. Keeping in view various constructs of conceptual model, the proposed hypotheses were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (AMOS v.20) to test the impact of the constructs on NPA. Findings and contribution of research: The evidence related to the model suggests that consumer innovativeness and need for uniqueness are the dominant factors (traits) in adopting a new product whereas social character (ID /OD), and dogmatism have no significant impact on new product adoption behavior, it suggests that consumer innovativeness and need for uniqueness traits of consumer personality are dominant factors in adopting a new fashion and clothing product in rural market. Research Limitations: First; the results of this study may not be appropriate for generalizing across the majority of Pakistani consumers, and in a global context. Second; the study is focusing only on fashion and clothing product category; third, only selected personality traits are examined in the study. Implications: By examining the potential behavior of rural consumers, the study facilitates the possibility of consumer behavior research that, in new product adoption decision consumer personality (traits) should have a significant contribution, thus providing a better understanding of influence of their personality traits on new product adoption.
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