ایٹمی دھماکے
عمران قادری
ہندوستان نے جب راجستھان کے علاقے میں جب ایٹمی دھماکے کیے اور سیکورٹی کونسل کی مستقل نشست کے لیے پر تو لنے لگا تب وطن عزیز پاکستان نے ایک ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کو جنم دے رکھا تھا …جن کی نظروں نے اس وقت خطے میں بھارت کی چودھراہٹ کا خواب بھانپ لیا تھا ۔
صد شکر کہ اس وقت جب 1971ء کی جنگ کا ٹائیگر نیازی ہندوستانی جنرل کے سامنے ہتھیار ڈالنے کی تقریب میں دستخط کر رہا تھا ۔ان کی پتلونیں آج بھی ہندوستانی نمائش میں لٹکی ہوئی ہیں مگر جنرل نیازی کے ساتھ قید نوے ہزار پاکستانی افواج کو ذوالفقار علی بھٹو جہاں ہندوستان سے آزاد کر ا لایا وہاں ایک شکست خوردہ قوم اور ملک کا وقار بحال کر نے کا عزم لیے ذوالفقار علی بھٹو عملی جدو جہد میں تھا ساتھ ہی خطے میں ہندوستانی چودھراہٹ کا راستہ روکنے کے لیے اس نے پاکستان میں ایٹم بم کی بنیاد رکھی ۔
عجیب لیڈر تھا قوم سے چندے نہیں مانگے نا ہی قوم کو مہنگائی کے سمندر میں دھکیلا بلکہ قوم کے لیے عربوں میں رزق کے دروازے کھولے ہر پاکستانی کو پاکستان کے امراء کے مقابل لا کھڑا کیا ۔صد خدا کا شکر اس وقت پاکستان میں عمران نیازی جیسا کوئی لیڈر نہیں تھا جو بزدل آج بھی سرکار ی طور پر ہندوستان کے احترام میں یوم تکبیر منانے سے قاصر ہے ۔ذوالفقار علی بھٹو نے اس وقت ٹوٹے ہوئے بکھرے ہوئے مایوس پاکستان میں ہندوستان کی چودھراہٹ تسلیم کر نے سے انکار کیا تھا ۔
تاریخ میں درج ہے کہ امریکہ کے یہودی وزیر خارجہ کسنجر کے وہ الفاظ جو اس نے پاکستان کے ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کو مخالفت کرتے ہوئے...
Hadith and Science of Hadith are the terms used by specialists of Hadith known as Mohaditeen. A hadith is a recorded statement, action or approval of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). It is considered as the second primary source of Islamic law after Quran. It is also a part of revelation. Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) described it through his words. The science of hadith examplifies the principles with which a specialist in the field of Hadith evaluates the authenticity and accuracy of narrations. In the past there were two specific and developmental stages for the Books of Hadith terminology. In its 1st stage, the Scholars focused on the compilation of the statements of earlier scholars, quoting the expressions they had used without evaluating those terms or suggesting terms applicable to those expressions. This methodology was adopted by the earlier scholars such as Yaḥyā ibn Ma`īn, `Alī ibn al-Madīnī, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj, and Al – Tirmidi. In the second period the Authors cited the quoted statements of the earlier works and began the collection and codification of relevant terms. In this period, the specific Principles were established. Examples of books authored in this manner are: Ma`rifah `Ulūm al-Ḥadīth by al-Ḥākim, Al-Kifāyah by al-Khaṭīb alBaghdādī and the Introduction of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ. In this article the two major types of science of Hadith have been mentioned, Rewayat-ul-Hadith and Derayat-ulHadith. Its definition and historical background has been described.
Microbial electrochemical cell (MXC) technology is a source of sustainable energy which comes from microorganisms. Recent advances in the fields of electromicrobiology and electrochemistry with focus on microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) has earned this technology its name as alternate “green energy”. Despite advances, this technology is still facing challenges to address low power and current density output. Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus 39E (ATCC 33223), a thermophilic, Fe(III)-reducing, and fermentative bacterium, was evaluated for its ability to produce current from four electron donors xylose, glucose, cellobiose, and acetate with a fixed anode potential (+ 0.042 V vs SHE) in a microbial electrochemical cell (MXC). Under thermophilic conditions (60 °C), T. pseudethanolicus produced high current densities from xylose (5.8 ± 2.4 Am−2), glucose (4.3 ± 1.9 A m−2), and cellobiose (5.2 ± 1.6 A m−2). It produced insignificant current when grown with acetate, but consumed the acetate produced from sugar fermentation to produce electrical current. Low-scan cyclic voltammetry (LSCV) revealed a sigmoidal response with a midpoint potential of −0.17 V vs SHE. Coulombic efficiency (CE) varied by electron donor, with xylose at 34.8% ± 0.7%, glucose at 65.3% ± 1.0%, and cellobiose at 27.7% ± 1.5%. Anode respiration was sustained over a pH range of 5.4−8.3, with higher current densities observed at alkaline pH values. Scanning electron microscopy showed a well-developed biofilm of T. pseudethanolicus on the anode, and confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated a maximum biofilm thickness (Lf) greater than ~150 μm for the glucose-fed biofilm. Microbial electrochemical cells (MXCs) are devices powered by microorganisms to generate electricity via oxidation of organic substrates. It is critical to understand the significance of sediment inocula in forming anodic biofilms to improve MEC performance. Five environmental samples were evaluated for electrical current production using acetate-fed microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Three of these samples were able to produce significant current densities ranging between 3 to 6.3 Am-2. 16S rDNA targeted deep sequencing comparisons of anodic biofilms and sediment bacterial community structures revealed significant differences in bacterial community structures. Bacterial community producing the highest current density x after enrichment was dominated by the class Bacteroidia, δ-proteobacteria and Erysipelotrichi. Comparison of phylogenetic information of bacterial communities with 7 previously reported enriched samples by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis clearly distinguished the biofilm communities from the sediment inocula in terms of higher abundance of genes related to anode respiration. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) also indicated that the clustering of biofilm communities was in accordance with the predominant genera in each sample, such as Geobacter dominating one cluster of biofilms. All the sediments formed a single cluster, which included the Carolina mangrove biofilm community which showed only minor changes from its originating sediment community after enrichment. Predominantly, high current densities are associated with the enrichment of a few microorganisms, often within a single family; however, this organism can be different depending on the inoculum source. Because the selective enrichment selects for just a few bacteria, the biofilm community is significantly different from that of the sediment. While δ-proteobacteria (or the family Geobacteraceae) is dominant in many samples producing high current densities, other samples show communities with yet unidentified ARB as the major fraction.