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پسلی

پسلی

ڈاکٹرمجاہد عباس

لیکچرار شعبہ اردو، نمل، اسلام آباد

’’پسلی‘‘ کا بستہ اندر باہر سے دوات    کی سیاہی کے سبب  اس کے دل کی طرح داغ دار تھا۔  پلاسٹک کی  ایک پرانی دوائیوں والی شیشی میں چند پرانی  لیریں ، چند قطرے  نلکے یا نالے کا پانی اور ایک سیاہ پڑیا  ڈال کر اس نے دوات بنانے کی ترکیب  اپنےہم جولیوں سے سیکھ لی تھی۔ شیشی کا ڈھکن ٹوٹا ہوا تھا جسے اس نے ایک لیر  کی مدد سے   مضبوطی سے باندھ رکھا  تھا مگر اکثر اوقات دوات کے سیاہ قطرے اس  کےقاعدے، تختی اور بستے  میں رچ بس جاتےتھے۔ اس کا قلم  کانے  کا تھا جس کی نوک پر دوات جم کر کسی پھوڑے کے کھرنڈ جیسی ہو چکی تھی۔ وہ  سکول کے احاطے میں  داخل ہونے سے پہلے ایک لمحے کے لیے رکتا اور پھر دانت بھینچتا ہوا آگے بڑھ جاتا۔ وہ جب  تختی پر  الف ب ج لکھتا تو اس سے ایک حرف بھی سیدھا نہ لکھا جاتا۔ لکھتے ہوئے وہ  اپنے ہاتھ کو اپنے ذہن کے تابع کرنے کی کوشش میں  یوں محو ہوجاتا کہ اسے خبر ہی نہیں رہتی تھی اور اس کے بدن کی تختی ٹیڑھی ہو جاتی ہے۔ استاد کی  آواز اسے چونکا دیتی اور وہ کچھ دیر کے لیے سیدھا ہو جاتا  اور اگلا حرف لکھتے ہوئے پھر اس کا سرڈھلک جاتا، آنکھیں  ترچھی دکھائی دیتیں اور وہ بہتی ناک کو الٹی آستین سے  اپنی ہی دھن میں  رگڑتا رہتا تھا۔

سکول سے گھر تک پہنچتے  ہوئے اسے کئی دشوار راستوں سے گزرنا پڑتا۔ایک ایک کر کے اس کے ہم مکتب راستے میں چھوٹتے جاتے اور وہ اکیلا رہ جاتا۔ویسے بھی وہ سب کے ساتھ گھلتا ملتا نہیں تھا کیونکہ اکثر لڑکے اس کی ...

Entrepreneurial Orientation and the Performance of the Agro-allied Enterprises in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

It is widely recognized that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the major drivers of sustainable economic growth, sources of income generation and panacea for poverty reduction in developing countries. Unfortunately, they are faced with numerous challenges that threaten their existence and survival. This precarity of small entrepreneurial organizations in entrepreneurial ecosystem has prompted widespread attention by scholars and researchers. Hence, it is critical to take into consideration examining the performance of the enterprises. This study analyzed the effect of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions, personal and institutional characteristics on the performance of small and medium agro allied enterprises. Through the multistage sampling procedure, a total of 198 SMEs were selected for the study and data were collected with the aid of questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that among the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions, only risking taking and innovativeness significantly and positively affected the performance of SMEs agro allied enterprises. Furthermore, findings showed that except for size of business which was negatively related to the growth of SMEs, educational level of entrepreneurs, managerial and business experience positively and significantly impacted on the performance of SMEs. Policies to encourage SMEs invest in risky investments and create new product and services should be pursued.

Some Inflationary and Cosmic Issues in General Relativity

In this thesis, we investigate two interesting issues. First, we study the validity of gen- eralized second law of thermodynamics for FRW universe bounded by four horizons, i.e., Hubble, apparent, particle and event horizons in the framework of non-linear electrodynamics. We assume that the universe is composed of dark matter, magnetic ¯eld and some unknown component of dark energy with two di®erent interacting terms. It is found that energy transfer from dark energy to magnetic energy depends upon the sign of interacting terms. In this scenario, we calculate energy densities of dark matter and other dark energy °uid. It turns out that this law always holds on the Hubble and apparent horizons, but fails on the particle and event horizons for both interacting and non-interacting cases. Second, we study warm in°ation using vector ¯elds in the background of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi I universe model. To discuss in°ation, we formulate the ¯eld equations, slow-roll and perturbation parameters (scalar and tensor power spectra, their spectral indices and tensor-scalar ratio) under slow-roll approximation. These parameters are evaluated in terms of in°aton during intermediate and logame- diate in°ationary regimes by taking variable and constant dissipation coe±cient. The graphical analysis of these parameters is shown to check compatibility of the model with WMAP7 and Planck observational data. We also deal with the dynamics of warm in°ation in which slow-roll in°ation is driven by non-Abelian gauge ¯elds in the same background metric. In this context, the solutions of in°aton and in°ationary parameters during intermediate as well as xiv xv logamediate in°ationary eras are evaluated. It is concluded that anisotropic in°ation- ary universe model with non-Abelian gauge ¯elds remain compatible with WMAP7 data. We then assume that the anisotropic universe is composed of in°aton and im- perfect °uid having radiation and bulk viscous pressure. The analysis is made by taking dissipation and bulk viscous coe±cients to be variable as well as constant. We constrain the model as well as cosmological parameters using recent Planck and WMAP7 probe. Finally, we consider an in°ationary FRW universe model in the context of gen- eralized cosmic Chaplygin gas by taking matter ¯eld as standard and tachyon scalar ¯elds. The solution of in°aton ¯elds and scalar potentials during intermediate and logamediate in°ationary regimes are found by modifying the ¯rst Friedmann equa- tion. The graphical behavior of observed physical parameter shows that the model remains incompatible with WMAP7 and Planck observational data in each case. We also study the e®ects of bulk viscous pressure on this model assuming in°aton and imperfect °uid as constituents of the universe. We evaluate in°aton ¯elds, poten- tials and entropy density for variable as well as constant dissipation and bulk viscous coe±cients in weak and strong dissipated regimes during intermediate era. The cor- responding parameters are constrained using recent Planck, WMAP7 and BICEP2 probes.
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