سلطان عبدالعزیز آلِ سعود
گزشتہ سنہ اس لحاظ سے بہت اندوہناک تھا کہ اس کے آخری مہینوں میں دنیائے اسلام کی متعدد بڑی شخصیتوں نے سفر آخرت کیا، ان میں ایک اہم شخصیت سلطان عبدالعزیز آلِ سعود کی تھی، جو اپنے اوصاف و خصوصیات کے لحاظ سے موجودہ تمام مسلمان فرمانرواؤں میں نہایت ممتاز حیثیت رکھتے تھے، ان کی ذات میں علم و دین تدبیر و سیاست اور شجاعت و حوصلہ مندی کا بے مثل اجتماع تھا، انھوں نے اپنے تدبر و شجاعت سے اپنے اسلاف کی کھوئی ہوئی عظمت و شوکت دوبارہ حاصل کرلی، اور حجاز پر قبضہ کرکے نجد کی معمولی ریاست کو ایک طاقتور حکومت بنادیا، ان کو اپنے اسلاف کی طرح، رد بدعات اور احیائے سنت میں بڑا اہتمام تھا، اور اس سلسلہ میں انھوں نے مفید مذہبی اصلاحات کیں، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ انھوں نے حجاز جیسے علاقوں کو جہاں وحشی بدوؤں کے ہاتھوں انسانی جان و مال کی کوئی قیمت نہ تھی اور ترکی جیسی طاقتور حکومت اپنے زمانہ میں امن قائم نہ کرسکی تھی، امن و امان کا ایسا گہوارہ بنادیا، جس کی نظیر اس زمانہ میں نہیں مل سکتی اور جس کا اعتراف دوست و دشمن سب کو ہے، آج حجاز کے جس ویرانہ میں چاہے، انسان سونا اچھالتا ہوا چلا جائے کوئی شخص آنکھ اٹھا کر دیکھنے کی ہمت نہیں کرسکتا، بلکہ راستہ میں گری پڑی ہوئی چیزوں کو بھی کوئی شخص اٹھانے کی جرأت نہیں کرسکتا۔
سلطان خود صاحب علم اور علماء اور علوم و فنون کے بڑے قدردان تھے، انھوں نے نجد و حجاز میں بہت سے مفید علمی و تعلیمی کام انجام دیئے، اگرچہ عام نجدیوں میں طبعاً سختی و درشتی ہوتی ہے اور وہ اپنے عقیدہ کے خلاف دوسروں کے عقائد مشکل سے برداشت کرسکتے ہیں جس کی بناء...
هدفت الدراسة للوقوف على الوضع اللغوي في المملكة العربية السعودية والتعرف على القرارات الرسمية وخطاباتها التواصلية في تدبير مشكلات اللغة. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة فقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي، وتوصل الباحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أنَّ القرارات الخاصة باللغة العربية غطَّت جميع نواحي الحياة الخاصة بالمجتمع السعودي تقريبًا؛ وذلك لأنها اللغة الأم لهذه المنطقة ولأن تفشي غيرها من اللغات يؤثر سلبًا على هذه اللغة وعلى عادات وتقاليد أهل هذه البقعة الفاضلة من هذه الأرض.
Premise of the research- Maize occupies a reputed rank among the top cereals of the world. Drought stress alters various physiological and biochemical processes going on in the maize plants resulting into various irreparable damages to various organelles of the plant cells which ultimately causes a significant loss of yields. Various plant growth regulators are reported to have positive roles in the drought stress amelioration. However, exogenous application of SA on the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids has been argued to have role in abiotic stress amelioration but the studies supporting the notion are scant. Methodology- Laboratory, wire-house, lysimeters and filed experiments were conducted for this study. Polyethylene glycol (PEG8000) induced water deficit conditions were imposed on eight spring maize hybrids selected from different sources for screening at germination stage. Seeds were sown in the Petri plates were applied with PEG8000 @ -0.6MPa. In the wire-house conditions same eight maize hybrids were screened at seedling stages. In this study two drought stress conditions (100% FC and 60% FC) were imposed on the maize hybrids. From these experiments two maize hybrids were selected as drought tolerant (DK-6525) and drought sensitive (NK-8711) as drought sensitive one. These two maize hybrids were then used for the dose optimization study for seed priming and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA). In the dose optimization for seed priming with SA five treatments (No priming, hydro-priming, priming with SA @ 50 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1 and 150 mg L-1) were applied to the both maize hybrids in the normal as well as water deficit conditions. From the above study seed priming with mg L-1 gave better results. In the same way for the dose optimization of foliar spray the same experimentation was repeated as was in priming experiment. There were two moisture stress levels were selected in which no water stress conditions and water stress conditions were imposed. SA was applied at the rate of no spray, water spray, SA @ 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1. SA at the rate of 100 mg L-1 was found best of all. In the next experiment, optimum method of SA application was found, in this experiment plant were sown till their maturity. There were nine treatments in this experiment: (1) No Priming and No Spray (2) Hydro-priming (3) Priming with optimum dose of SA selected from the previous experiment (4) Water spray at vegetative growthstage (5) Foliar spray of SA at the vegetative growth stage (6) Water spray at reproductive stage (7) Foliar spray of SA at the reproductive stage (8) priming along with foliar at vegetative stage and(9) priming with SA along with foliar spray with SA at the reproductive stage. Foliar spray of SA @ 100 mg L-1 at vegetative growth stage was found more viable method. Further, another experiment was conducted to find the best time of SA application in this experiment following treatments: (1) no spray at all (2) spray with distilled water and (3) foliar spray of SA at the rate of 100 mg L-1 were applied in the four moisture stress conditions: (1) no moisture stress which was considered as control (2) moisture stress at vegetative growth stage (3) moisture stress at reproductive stage and (4) moisture stress at vegetative and reproductive stages both). Vegetative growth stage was found more responsive towards the foliar spray of SA @ 100 mg L-1. After that the above mentioned studies were checked in the field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. In the field conditions water stress was imposed by skipping the irrigations at the vegetative growth stages, instead of applying irrigation SA was sprayed at the above mentioned rate. Control conditions were those where no spray was done at all. Agronomic parameters recorded suggested that SA was found effective in ameliorating the negative impacts of drought and ultimately an increase in the yields was observed. The same trends were observed in the next year filed experiment Conclusion- Maize hybrids were suggested to screen for their drought tolerance potential for precision agriculture and SA spray can compensate the losses water absence by improving drought tolerance and enhancement of yields.