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میر عثمان علی خاں [نظام حیدرآباد ]

میرعثمان علی خاں نظام حیدرآباد
افسوس ہے گزشتہ ماہ کی ۲۴؍ کومیر عثمان علی خاں نظام حیدآباد کاانتقال ہوگیا۔ وہ ۱۸۸۶ء میں پیدا ہوئے تھے اوران کے جدّامجد نے جو ریاست ۱۷۱۳ء میں قائم کی تھی اس کے ساتویں فرماں رواتھے۔ یہ ریاست توانقلابِ روزگار اور حوادثِ ایام کے بہت سے مرحلوں سے گزرتی ہوئی ۱۹۵۶ء میں ختم ہوگئی تھی۔ نظام ’داغ فراق صحبت شب کی جلی ہوئی اک شمعـ‘ کی حیثیت سے اس ریاست کی یادگار تھے۔اب یہ یادگار بھی مٹ گئی ۔سدا رہے نام اﷲ کا۔
مرحوم بحیثیت فرماں روا کے اور بحیثیت انسان کے بھی بڑی خوبیوں اور اوصاف وکمالات کے مالک تھے۔ان کے عہد میں ریاست نے ہر شعبہ میں غیرمعمولی ترقی کی علی الخصوص تعلیم اور علوم اسلامیہ کی نشرواشاعت اوراسلامی تہذیب و ثقافت کی سر پرستی میں انھوں نے جو عظیم الشان کارنامے عثمانیہ یونیورسٹی، دائرۃ المعارف اوردارالترجمہ کی صورت میں انجام دئیے ہیں انہوں نے بغداد کی خلافت عباسیہ کی یادتازہ کردی اور ہندوستان میں اسلامی ثقافت کا کوئی مورّخ انہیں نظر انداز نہیں کرسکتا۔ ان کا ابرکرم حیدرآباد سے باہر ہندوستان کے مختلف گوشوں پر بھی برستا رہا اور عرب وحجاز کی سرزمین پر بھی قطرہ افشاں ہوا۔ انہوں نے حیدرآباد کوایک خاص قسم کا کلچر دیا جوبڑا حسین اوردل نواز تھا اور جس کی مٹی مٹائی کچھ یادگاریں اب بھی وہاں نظر آسکتی ہیں۔ ان کی شخصیت عجیب و غریب قسم کی مجموعہ اضداداور اسی بناپرایک طلسم تھی۔ ایک طرف وہ دنیا کے سب سے بڑے دولتمند مشہور تھے اور قومی وتہذیبی معاملات میں نہایت فیاض اور سخی۔ لیکن دوسری جانب جہاں تک ذاتی اور نجی اخراجات کاتعلق ہے وہ اس درجہ سادہ اور کفایت شعار تھے کہ اس کے عجیب وغریب قصے اور کہانیاں زبان زد عوام و خواص تھے۔اردو اور فارسی میں مشغلہ ٔ شعر گوئی...

UNDERSTANDING JOHN RAWLS CONCEPTION OF JUSTICE

Hydro politics is the modern term for water issues. Every country wishes to protect its sweet water resources, especially those that have difficulties with rivers that run through more than one country. Water is required for the survival of over 180 species. This study is center on the importance of water to all living things, including humans, as well as to countries and their economies. The conflicts and treaties are also covered in the area of study on hydro-politics on the river Jhelum between India and Pakistan. Both countries have fought wars over water more than once, and if the water distribution issue can handle peacefully then their relationship may improve. The Jhelum River began in the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir and flows through Pakistan and meets the Indus River. The distribution of Jhelum water was settled by the Indus Water Treaty in 1960, but India's repeated breaches made it a problem between the two neighboring states and one of the reasons for conflict between them. The research's main goal is to not only examine the causes of conflict but also to predict how it will be resolved in the future.

Impact of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring on Mortality in Severe Head Injury at the Aga Khan University Hospital and the Nairobi Hospital

Background: Traumatic brain injury is a major public health problem both in developed and developing nations. It is a particular challenge and a strain on the economy of the developing nations because of the high rates of road traffic accidents, affecting mainly the economically productive age group. World-wide mortalities from severe head injuries range between 39-52% and in our country is estimated at 60%, although it might actually be higher. Patients with severe head injury (defined by a Glasgow Coma Score from 3 to 8) are at highest risk of developing raised intracranial pressure and therefore, are more likely to benefit from an intervention that aims to control intracranial pressure. In the developed world, with organized trauma care systems, studies have shown that intracranial pressure monitoring has shown a significant decrease in mortality from severe head injury, and intracranial pressure monitoring has thus become the standard of care. Though intracranial pressure monitoring started in 1960 in the developed world, it has only become available at the Aga Khan University Hospital in 2009. Its routine use in traumatic brain injury has not been fully embraced and there are no clear guidelines on its use in trauma. Its utility has thus not been validated. It is believed that due to the delays in referral and intervention, intracranial pressure monitoring might not be of benefit in traumatic brain injury in our country. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of introducing intracranial pressure monitoring and drainage on the mortality from severe head injury and comparing mortality from the period before monitoring intracranial pressure(pre-2009)with mortality after instituting intracranial pressure monitoring and drainage(2010 and after). Study question: With the challenges in trauma care and referral, does intracranial pressure monitoring actually improve mortality in severe head injury? Design: A before and after study comparing a retrospective period before 2010 with a prospective period from 2010-2012 for patients admitted with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3-8) at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi and the Nairobi Hospital. Methods: Retrospective data was analyzed from 42 patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Score of 8 or less) admitted between 2007 and 2010, who did not have intracranial pressure monitoring, and their mortality was compared with the outcomes of 31 patients admitted between 2010 and 2012 with severe head injury who did receive intracranial pressure monitoring as part of their treatment.
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