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ایک تو ہے صدمات نے گھیرا

ایک تو ہے صدمات نے گھیرا
اس پہ اپنی ذات نے گھیرا

کیسے ہوش سنبھالوں اپنے
غم کی ہے بہتات نے گھیرا

ہم کو یاد تھے ہم ہی آئے
پیروں کو جب پات نے گھیرا

اپنی ذات نفی میں ڈالی
ہم کو جب اثبات نے گھیرا

اک مفلس کی شامت آئی
کچا گھر برسات نے گھیرا

اس نے کبھی پھر دن نہیں دیکھا
جس کو ہجر کی رات نے گھیرا

A Videogrammetric Analysis of On Peak/Off Peak Traffic Density: A Case of Board Bazaar Peshawar

The increasing population is a growing issue in densely populated cities, which leads to an increase in transportation services. In this paper travel time delay due to stationary bottleneck was observed throughout the week in one of the densely populated cities of Pakistan i.e. Peshawar. Videogrammetry was implemented to obtain the recorded frames through the various days of the week. The recorded frames were then statistically analyzed to identify the travel delays in Board Bazaar Peshawar at a stationary bottleneck using SPSS and Statgraphics Software. The statistical analysis revealed a direct proportionality between traffic density and travel time, whereas an inverse proportionality was identified between traffic speed and traffic density. A high traffic density was observed on working days, whereas on the non-working days a reduced traffic density was observed. This study recommends a predictive target lane vehicular guidance system for a smooth traffic flow.

Mathematical Aspects of the Impact of Urban Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Global Warming

It is well known that the natural earth’s energy balance is influenced by human-induced changes of radiation balance, especially the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Therefore, it needs for developing reliable models to gauge, analyse, and monitor the level of greenhouse gas emissions, especially for dense mega-city populations. Focusing on the Karachi Region as a case study, this thesis formulates an imputation scheme for missing data of greenhouse gases from traffic flow. This work also identifies useful parameters of distributions determined by local greenhouse data, performs EDA using classical and modern techniques for modeling the data, discusses the impact of greenhouse gases on local temperature fluctuation. To do bootstrapping of greenhouse data, a new kind of hybrid random number generator is proposed which gives satisfactory results for smaller number of bootstrap samples. Finally, it finds the interrelationship between local and global temperature fluctuations after doing analysis on the dynamics of local and global warming evolution processes.
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