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اردو زبان کا آغاز و ارتقا

موضوع 10:اردو زبان کا آغاز و ارتقا
کسی زبان کے آغاز اور ارتقاء کی داستان کچھ مخصوص تہذیبی اور معاشرتی حالات سے جڑی ہوتی ہے۔ زبان اپنی ترقی یافتہ شکل اختیار کرنے سے پہلے مختلف مراحل سے گزرتی ہے۔ اسے رنگ و روپ دینے اور نکھارنے میں مختلف عوامل کار فرما ہوتے ہیں۔ اردو زبان جو آج کی چند ترقی یافتہ اور کثرت سے بولی جانے والی زبانوں میں سے ایک ہے اسے بھی معرض وجود میں آنے سے قبل مختلف مراحل سے گزرنا پڑا۔ ان مختلف مراحل اور تہذیبی اور معاشرتی عوامل کو سمجھنے کے لئے ہمیں ماضی کی طرف پلٹنا ضروری ہے۔
جیسا کہ تاریخ کے مطالعے سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ ہندوستان کے قدیم باشندے دراوڑ تھے۔آریا قوم باہر سے آئی اور مقامی باشندوں کو پیچھے دھکیل کر ملک پر قابض ہو گئی۔آریا قوم ملک پر ایک نئی تہذیبی طاقت بن کر ابھری۔ ان کی زبان کو مرکزی حیثیت حاصل ہوئی۔ مقامی باشندوں سے میل جول کی وجہ سے آریاؤں کی زبان متاثر ہونے لگی اور بہت سے الفاظ کا تلفظ کچھ سے کچھ ہو گیا۔ آریاؤں نے اپنی زبان کو محفوظ رکھنے کے خیال سے اسے قواعدی اصولوں سے جکڑ دیا اور اپنی زبان میں صرف ٹکسالی الفاظ باقی رکھے۔مقامی اثرات اس سے پاک و صاف ہو کر ان کی زبان نے اپنا ایک معیار برقرار رکھا اور اسی معیاری زبان کو سنسکرت کا نام دیا گیا۔
اس زبان کو کافی فروغ حاصل ہوا لیکن اس کا رشتہ عوام سے کٹ گیا گیا اور ایک مخصوص دائرے تک سمٹ کر رہ گئی۔ عوام کی زبان مختلف علاقوں میں تھوڑے سے فرق کے ساتھ ایک رسم الخط میں موجود رہیں اس زبان کو پراکرت کا نام دیا گیا۔ پراکرت زبان برابر ترقی کرتی رہی اور مختلف علاقوں میں مختلف روپ اختیار کرتی رہی۔ آگے...

علم مختلف الحدیث پر امام شافعی کے تفکرات کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

After the era of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), there were dissimilarities in interpretations of contradictive revelations by Muhammad (S.A.W) thereby questioning their authentication while being considered a basic source of extracting the Sharia acts. In this context, Imam Shāfʿī studies all the dissimilarities and contradictions and devised finest principles which performed very positive role in rationalizing the conflicting Ahadiths. He was first to discuss these matters in an innovative manner. It is therefore, essential for investigator to refer to Shāfʿīs principles to rationalize any Hadith lying under contradiction. Imam Shāfʿī stated that Hadith is not itself contradicting but its apparent meaning leads the investigator into misconception. Consequently, he has stated three methods to remove this conflict. First is the combination (جمع) which recommends working on both Ahadiths at the same time rather than leaving either of them. Second is the abrogation (تنسیخ) which requires extensive knowledge of Quran and History before inferring the final decision of Muhammad (S.A.W) and scholars widely recommend Imam Shāfiʿī in recognizing abrogated Ahadiths. Third is preference (ترجيح) which is based upon peripheral attributes.

Nonlinear Coherent Structures in Multi-Component Degenerate Plasmas

The propagation characteristics of nonlinear coherent structures involving the solitons, shocks and rogons (rogue waves) are studied in a degenerate dense plasma, which has strong relevance not only to compact astrophysical bodies such as white dwarfs, magnetars, neu tron stars, etc., but also in high density laser-induced plasmas. In superdense plasmas, the quantum corrections due to quantum degeneracy, quantum diffraction, relativistic degener acy and degenerate particle trapping strongly modify the nonlinear properties of the waves and instabilities. In Chapter 3, a multi-dimensional propagation and stability for ion-acoustic (IA) soli tary waves are discussed in a magnetoplasma, containing degenerate relativistic trapped electrons and classical anisotropic ions. By using the Chew Goldberger and Low (CGL) the ory alongwith quantum magnetohydrodynamic (QMHD) equations, a Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation is obtained, which admits a solitary solution in the form of potential pulse. The stability parameter Si is analyzed by a k-expansion method, which reveals the stable and unstable solitons in the domains Si < 0 and Si > 0, respectively. Numerically, it is found that trapped electrons and ionic pressure anisotropy support the formation of taller and wider solitons in a degenerate relativistic anisotropic plasma. Chapter 4 presents the linear and nonlinear analyses of magnetosonic (MS) solitary and shock waves in a degen erate relativistic magnetoplasma. For this, we have solved the QMHD equations with the aid of reductive perturbation technique to study a Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) solitons and Korteweg-de Vries-Burger (KdVB) shocks. For linear study, a plane wave solution is used to obtain a linear dispersion relation for MS waves. It is revealed that relativistic electrons reduce the rapid variations in the wave frequency due to intensification of external mag netic field. In nonlinear analysis, the relativistic electrons strongly favor to excite taller and narrower localized solitons and amplify the shock strength. In Chapter 5, one-fluid QMHD model is utilized to investigate the characteristics of low frequency MS envelope solitons in a dense magnetized plasma. By using a multiscale reductive perturbation technique, the nonlinear Schro¨dinger (NLS) equation is derived to account for degenerate relativistic electrons and associated quantum diffraction effects. It is examined that these effects play a vital role to excite modulationally stable excitations, such as the dark and grey solitons in dense magnetoplasma. These solitons only exist under the condition PQ > 0, where P and Q are the dispersion and nonlinearity coefficients, respectively. These results are useful for analyzing the propagation characteristics of MS excitations in dense astrophysical plasmas, where quantum and relativistic effects modify the wave properties and stability. Chapter 6 describes the evolution of weakly nonlinear dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) bright solitons and rogons in a degenerate dusty plasma containing degenerate relativistic electrons, and dynamical degenerate ions with static dust. To examine numerically the modulational instability (MI) and unstable modes on ion-timescales, the effects of relativistic electrons and degenerate ions are examined on the profiles of MI and localized DIA excitations (bright solitons and rogons). It is found that the instability domain becomes widen for varying the relativistic parameter and ionic degeneracy. Finally, in Chapter 7, we have extended our work to nonlinear evolution of extremely low frequency dust-acoustic (DA) solitons and rogons in a nonplanar cylindrical plasma accounting for Thomas-Fermi distributed electrons and ions. The fluid equations are evolved into the cylindrical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (CKP) and cylindrical nonlinear Schro¨dinger (CNLS) equations for studying the formation of solitary and rogue excitations. It is found that cylindrical plasma leads to radial deviation of solitons and modification of the growth rate associated with modulationally unstable wavepackets. The results are important to understand the nonlinear DIA and DA potential excitations in dense dusty plasmas where dust particulates modify the characteristics scales and affect the properties of stable and unstable wave modes.
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