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پروفیسر ڈاکٹر نذیر احمد

پروفیسرڈاکٹر نذیر احمد
(اشتیاق احمد ظلی)
پروفیسر نذیر احمد کے انتقال سے علم و دانش کے میدان میں بالعموم اردو فارسی زبان و ادب کے میدان میں بالخصوص جو خلاء پیدا ہوا ہے اس کا پر ہونا مشکل ہے۔ ان کے علمی اکتسابات اور تحقیقی فتوحات کی فہرست بہت طویل ہے اور اسی طرح ان اعزازات کی بھی جو انہیں تفویض کیے گئے۔ ایران، افغانستان، وسط ایشیا اور جنوبی ایشیا کے علاوہ یورپ و امریکہ کے علمی حلقوں میں ان کے نام اور کام کا بڑا احترام اور اعتراف پایا جاتا تھا۔ ان کی علمی اور تحقیقی دلچسپیوں کا میدان بہت وسیع تھا اور علم و فن کے کتنے ہی تاریک گوشے ان کی فکری کاوشوں سے روشنی میں آئے لیکن تدوین و تحقیق متن اور فرہنگ نویسی ان کے خاص موضوعات تھے جہاں ان کا علم و فن نئی بلندیوں پر نظر آتا ہے۔ دیوان حافظ کے دو قدیم ترین نسخوں کی تحقیق و تدوین کے علاوہ انہوں نے متعدد اہم متون کی بڑی ژرف نگاہی سے تدوین کی اور تحقیق متن کا ایک معیار قائم کیا۔ حافظ پر اپنی تحقیقات کی وجہ سے وہ حافظ شناس کے خطاب سے موسوم ہوئے۔ مصوری، خطاطی اور موسیقی جیسے مختلف النوع موضوعات پر ان کا مطالعہ بہت وسیع تھا اور ان موضوعات پر انہوں نے بڑا وقیع تحقیقی سرمایہ یادگار چھوڑا ہے۔ ان کی شخصیت میں اتنے متنوع اور گونا گوں اوصاف اور کمالات جمع ہوگئے تھے کہ انہیں دیکھ کر علماء سلف کی یاد تازہ ہوجاتی تھی۔ علم و فضل اور شہرت و ناموری کے اتنے اونچے مرتبہ پر فائز ہونے کے باوجود ان کے مزاج میں بڑی سادگی، انکسار اور تواضع تھی۔ اپنے خوردوں سے بھی بڑی خندہ پیشانی اور تواضع سے پیش آتے۔ ان کے مقام و مرتبہ کا ادراک صرف اس وقت ہوتا تھا...

A COMPARISON OF THE VISUAL PERCEPTUAL SKILLS IN TYPICAL AND CEREBRAL PALSY CHILDREN

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference at occupational performance skills related to visual perception among typical developing children and cerebral palsy children by using measuring test of MVPT-R. Design And Sampling Technique: Quantitative cross-sectional study, convenience sampling method. Study Setting And Participants: A total of 400 Cerebral palsy children (all types) and typical children each from different mainstream schools, rehab centers, pediatric occupational therapy departments, and special education centers located in Karachi. Interventions / Data Collection: Test of visual perception that is Motor Free visual perceptual test- Revised MVPT-R. Result: Result shows difference in perceptual ages (PA) between typical and cerebral palsy children. Perceptual age (PA) was greater than the chronological age (CA) in the typical group. Conversely, in the CP group the perceptual age (PA) was lesser than the chronological age (CA). Conclusion:  Visual perception skills play a key role in a child’s achievement at school and at home. Children require intact visual perception for the successful performance of their daily living as well as academic tasks like good eye-hand coordination, handwriting, reading, shape perception, play skills, and copying patterns, etc. This study is helpful to identify those children who have visual perception issues and sorting this problem will form the baseline for better evaluating and planning of useful visual perception activities for typical and cerebral palsy children.

Modulation of Neurogenesis by Novel Natural or Synthetic Compound S

The discovery of novel molecules capable of modulating neurogenesis will contribute to explore novel therapeutic approaches and to clarify the physiological role of neurogenesis. Development of small molecules can be targeted to the regulation of progenitor cell proliferation, survival, migration or maturation and might be applied to augmenting physiological neurogenesis already present in the dentate gyrus or subventricular zone/olfactory bulb or to normally non-neurogenic regions important for neuropathological conditions. In the present study, in vitro model for neurogenesis was developed by isolation of neonatal rat hippocampal and cortical cells. These cells were both cultured independently and with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The effect of Isoxylitones (ISOX) during proliferation, differentiation and survival of the cultured cells under normal and hypoxic condition was studied. A dose dependent increase in cell viability of treated cells was observed in alamarBlue and MTT assays for proliferation. BrdU cell proliferation assay for growth of newly born cells was also performed and significantly higher cell population was recorded in the treated groups. To study the effect of ISOX on recovery of hypoxic cells, the cortical and hippocampal cells were cultured and given hypoxic shock followed by ISOX treatment. A significant recovery effect was seen which ensures its capability to modulate neuronal cell survival. The markers associated with neuronal lineage were analyzed to study the stage-specific neuronal differentiation and functional maturation of ISOX treated cultures. Themarkers included in the present study were nestin, β-tubulin III, GFAP and calretinin. In addition, transcription factors markers, NeuroD1 and Neurogenin-2, were used to analyze the induction of differentiation and activating factors for neurogenesis. The immunocytochemical analysis of above mentioned markers suggests that ISOX is involved in enhancement of neural progenitor cells as nestin expression was increased. The ISOX also supported the neuronal differentiation through inducing NeuroD1 and Neurogenin-2 transcription factors. The cocultured hippocampal and cortical cells with or without ISOX treatment demonstrated the generation of neuronal cells with marked increase of nestin, tubulin and calretinin expression. Additionally a significant induction of transcription factors NeuroD1 and Neurogenin-2 was also observed in cocultured treated groups. Based on our findings, we conclude that ISOX have a potential to support cortical and hippocampal cells survival and induction of transcription factors NeuroD1 and Neurogenin-2 and neuronal protein markers (nestin tubulin, calretinin) may provide cell stage-specific molecular and cellular mechanistic clues for understanding the potential effects of ISOX on the neurodevelopment. Our results regarding cocultured cells demonstrated the successful differentiation of BMSCs into neuronal like cells by co-culturing with hippocampal and cortical cells. Additionally the ISOX have capability to potentiate this differentiation of neuronal cells in cocultures. In short its cell survival and differential effects can be utilized for therapeutic rationale in neurodegenerative disorders.
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