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آج بھی دل میں درد اٹھا ہے

آج بھی دل میں دردُ اٹھا ہے
کیا پھر کسی نے یاد کیا ہے

اب کیوں اُس کو یاد کیا ہے
وہ تُو کب کا چھوڑ گیا ہے

مجھ کو کیوں برباد کیا ہے
کیا تجھ کو اچھا لگتا ہے!

تجھ بن دل اُجڑا اُجڑا ہے
اور تُو سب کچھ دیکھ رہا ہے

رات کے تین بجے ہیں اور تم
اب تک جاگ رہے ہو کیا ہے

گزری باتیں گزر چکی ہیں
تُو اب کس کو یاد رہا ہے

عشق ، محبت پاگل پن ہے
کیوں یہ روگ لگا رکھا ہے

کیا تُو اُس کو بھول سکے گا
اب جو تجھ کو بھول چکا ہے

اُس نے کہا تھا وہ تیرا ہے!
خود سے تُو نے سوچ لیا ہے

Perceptions of Pakistani Society About Western Enlightenment: An Analysis in the Light of Islamic Teachings

The study was conducted to examine some of the important questions raised by both the religious scholars and the proponents of the Enlightenment movement. The purpose of the study was to interpret enlightenment in Western and Islamic context and to examine the impact of western enlightenment on contemporary Pakistani society in the light of Islamic teachings. The study was quantitative in nature. Survey was conducted to probe into the perceptions of the Pakistani people regarding impact of western enlightenment on various aspects of contemporary Pakistani society. The sample of the study was 1000 people from four provincial headquarters of Pakistan including male and female from urban and rural areas of the provincial capitals. Two research instruments were developed by the researcher based on review of the related literature. First was a questionnaire named WEBI, Western Enlightenment Beliefs Inventory; second was a checklist named WEKAPC, Western Enlightenment Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Checklist. Results showed that most of the respondents were of the view that western enlightenment exerted significant influences on their thinking, lifestyles, and education, culture, media and social practices. Majority of the respondents thought that western enlightenment emphasized on tolerance, cultural harmony, equality, social justice and independent thinking. Gender-wise comparisons indicated that male respondents were more positive towards western enlightenment than the female respondents. It was recommended that Pakistani society needs to be made aware of the philosophy of western enlightenment and Islamic values which are characteristics of western enlightenment movement. There is need to initiate interfaith dialogue to understand socio-cultural dynamics of a Muslim society and a western society.

Hierarchical Multi-Label Document Classification Using Swarm Intelligence

Document classification is one of the important fields of text mining. At present, category identification using taxonomy for scientific publications is a manual task. These taxonomies support authors which contain a large number of classes organized in the form of hierarchy that becomes quite difficult to choose a relevant category or categories for their work. Due to the amalgamation of research work in multiple domains, the problem becomes a multi-label classification (MLC). MLC is broadly solved using two different approaches (Problem Transformation and algorithm adaptation). In literature, a lot of single label classifiers are available to deal with single label dataset such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Naive Bayes and many more, these classifiers have low accuracy on text datasets due to the similarity measures and inappropriate selection of features. Similar approaches exist, which transform the multi label dataset into binary classification problems such as Binary Relevance (BR), Classifier Chain (CC), Probabilistic Classifier Chain (PCC) and many more. These algorithms also have a very low accuracy for text data. The issue which has not given proper importance is the order in which the binary classifiers are executed. Algorithm adaptation techniques such as decision trees, SVM, Multi-label K Nearest Neighbour (ML-KNN) and neural network also exist for MLC but have low accuracy due to similar weightage of features for all labels and have never been tested for a scientific publication datasets. The algorithm adaptation approaches have never been studied with feature weighting as all the features may not play the same role for each label in the MLC. We argue that all the approaches to deal with MLC for scientific documents suffer from low accuracy.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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