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اردو ادب کی تنقیدی تاریخ___ ایک جائزہ

اردو ادب کی تنقیدی تاریخ___ ایک جائزہ

عبداللہ نعیم رسول پی ۔ایچ۔ ڈی اسکالر

 نظریاتی حوالے سے دنیائے ادب سید احتشام حسین کو ایک ترقی پسند ادیب کے طور پر جانتی ہے۔ آپ کی ادبی شخصیت کی کئی جہتیں ہیں، آپ نے افسانہ ، مضمون ،تاریخ ، تنقید ، ڈرامااور سفرنامہ لکھا۔ زیرِ نظر ان کی کتاب‘‘ اردو ادب کی تنقیدی تاریخ’’ ہے۔ کتاب کے نام سے تو یہی معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ یہ اردو ادب کی تنقید کی تاریخ ہے جبکہ یہ اردو ادب کی تاریخ کی کتاب ہے ، تنقیدی تاریخ تو صرف نام ہے، تاریخ بھی ایسی جو نامکمل، تحقیق سے دور کا واسطہ نہیں۔

 یہ کتاب کئی بار اشاعت کے عمل سے گزر چکی ہے۔ ۱۹۸۳ء میں اس کتاب کی پہلی اشاعت ہوئی جبکہ زیرِ نظر اشاعت دسویں ہے جو انڈیا ( نئی دہلی) کے ادارے قومی کونسل برائے فروغِ اردو زبان سے ۲۰۱۶ ء میں شائع ہوئی۔ اس اشاعت کے ۳۴۱ صفحات ہیں۔ کتاب کا پیش لفظ ڈائریکٹر قومی کونسل برائے فروغِ اردو زبان پروفیسر سید علی کریم نے لکھا۔ مذکورہ کتاب ۱۴، ابواب پر مشتمل ہے جو ترتیب وار درج کیے جاتے ہیں۔

۱۔             اردو زبان اور ادب کی ابتدا               ۲۔            اردو، دکن میں                             

۳۔            دلّی، اٹھارویں صدی میں                   ۴۔            اردو نثر کی ابتدا اور تشکیل                

۵۔            اودھ کی دنیائے شاعری                   ۶۔            نظیر اکبر آبادی اور ایک خاص روایت کا ارتقا

۷۔           قدیم دّلی کی ٓخری بہار                        ۸۔            اردو نثر: فورٹ ولیم کالج اور اس کے بعد

۹۔            نئے دور سے پہلے: نظم اور نثر              ۱۰۔           نیا شعور اور نیا نثری ادب

۱۱۔           نشاط ثانیہ کی اردو شاعری                  ۱۲۔           نظم میں نئی...

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Behavior of Bacterial Isolates from Different Clinical Samples at Nishtar Hospital Multan

The pathogenic bacteria are getting resistant to antibiotics is significantly growing in the developing countries of the world including Pakistan. The present study was designed to find the basic study on resistance among the patients coming to the Nishtar Hospital, Multan. The study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Total 387 clinical samples of urine, pus, high vaginal swab (HVS) and wound were surveyed for the existence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. For these bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. E. Coli was the most prevalent isolates followed by Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas. E. Coli was predominated in urine, pus, HVS and wound specimens. Occurance of Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Candida and Pseudomonas were 7.9 %, 3.9 %, 14.7 % and 1.4 % respectively among the clinical specimens. E. Coli shows highest resistance to Linezolid (98.3%) followed by Ceftrizone (90.8%), Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (85%), Moxifloxacin (82.5%). High frequency of resistance specifies that there is an unremitting requirement of surveillance of resistance behaviour of antimicrobial agents in our study is to investigate the trend of this problem.

Leadership Crisis in Academia: Exploration and Measurement of Effective Academic Leadership

cademic leadership is essential for quality education and the growth of academic institutions. Ineffective academic leaders create leadership crisis. The purpose of this research project was to explore leadership crisis in academia and solution to this crisis, and to construct and validate an effective academic leadership scale in the context of Pakistan. A mixed method design that comprised four independent studies was used to meet the objectives. In study 1, the crisis situation in academia of Pakistan was explored. Focus group technique and semi structured interviews were used with a purposive sample of faculty members, students and academic leaders from randomly chosen higher education institutions to explore the reasons and solutions to academic leadership crisis. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results indicated reasons and solutions to academic leadership crisis, collectively described by three groups of participants (viz., faculty members, students, and academic leaders). All three groups agreed that main reasons of academic leadership crisis were the ineffective leadership along with issues in educational institutions, decline of ethical and moral values, and unjustified methods of leader selection. The participants suggested that we need to replace current academic leaders with effective leaders to bring change in the institutions. Study 2 was designed to explore the charcteristics of effective academic leadership and to compare these charcteristics with the characteristics of corporate leadership. A purposive sample of 200 particpants: students, teachers and corporate sector employees provided the sources of data for the qualities which they deemed essential in effective academic and corporate leaders. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to analyze the data. Communication skills, assertiveness, creativity, integrity/honesty, confidence, motivation and humbleness were the similar attributes in both effective academic and corporate leaders. As 12 differences concern, people expected an effective academic leader to have intellectual ability, cooperative skill, flexibility, knowledge, understanding and respectful attitude, which provideed a softer image of academic leader. Whereas, a corporate leader was expected to be visionary, disciplined, and passionate In study 3 qualities of effective academic leaders were used to develop a tool/ measure of effective academic leadership. A pool of 26 items was generated for measuring effectiveness of academic leaders through scale construction. A purposive sample of 100 academic leaders of public and private sector universities from different cities of Pakistan was selected. After using exploratory factor analysis, a uni dimensional solution was found which accounted for 52.83% variance. Cronbach‘s alpha yielded a value of .97. Construct validity of the final 19-items scale was established via using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS 21.0. Convergent validity of scale was established by correlating scores on Effective Academic Leadership Scale with the scores on Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass & Avolio, 1992). Results revealed significant positive correlation between the two scales (r =.32. p <.01). Study 4 was conducted to assess the relationship and predictive strength of effective academic leadership in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Job satisfaction appeared to be significantly positively related to EALS whereas organizational commitment remained non significant with EALS. Limitations, future suggestions and implications of all the studies have also been discussed.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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