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’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

شاعری ایک خوبصورت اور من موہنی صنف رْباعی ہے۔ رْباعی کا لفظ رْبع سے نکلا ہے۔عربی زبان میں اربعہ کے معنی ’’چار‘‘ کے ہیں۔اس وجہ سے ایسی صنف شاعری کو رْباعی کہا جائے گا جس کے چار مصرعے ہوں۔

شاعری کی اصطلاح میں رْباعی اس صنف کا نام ہے جس میں مخصوص وزن کے چار مصرعوں میں ایک مضمون یا خیال بیان کیا جاتا ہے۔یعنی رْباعی وہ شعری صنف ہے جس میں عروض کے ماہرین کے مقرر کیے ہوئے خاص وزن،خیال کی وحدت اور بیان کے تسلسل کی پابندی بہت ضروری ہے۔

رْباعی میں بیان کے تسلسل اور خیال کی آہستہ آہستہ بڑھوتری کے اظہار کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ رباعی کے چار وں مصرعے زنجیر کی گھریوں کی طرح ایک دوسرے سے جڑے ہوئے ہوں،الفاظ کا چناؤ موضوع اور خیال کے مطابق ہو پہلے مصرعے میں مناسب الفاظ کے ذریعے خیال کے بارے میں معلومات دی جائیں۔دوسرے اور تیسرے مصرعے میں خیال مکمل طور پر پورے زور و شعور کے ساتھ ڈرامائی انداز میں پیش کیا جائے کیوں کہ چوتھا مصرعہ ہی رباعی کے مجموعی تاثر اور خلاصے کو بیان کرتا ہے۔اس میں ہی رباعی کا اصل خیال یا مضمون کو بیان کیا جاتا ہے جس کی خاطر رباعی لکھی گئی ہے۔

جہاں تک رباعی کے مضامین اور موضوعات کا تعلق ہے۔اس صنف کاآغازمذہبی مضامین کے بیان سے ہوا۔شروع شروع میں حمد،نعت اور توحید کا ذکر ہی رباعی میں کیا جاتا تھا۔پھر آہستہ آہستہ صوفیانہ خیالات ،معرفت کے مضامین رباعی کے موضوعات بن گئے۔صوفیاء کرام کا دین کی تبلیغ کا کام کرنا،لوگوں کو اخلاق کا درس دینا اور معاشرے کی اصلاح یہ سبھی مضامین صوفی شعراء نے رباعی میں بیان کیے۔اگر فارسی رباعی پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو...

CERVICOGENIC HEADACHE AMONG DENTISTS WORKING IN LAHORE MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE

Background and Aim: Headache is a very common condition worldwide. Cervicogenic headache is a secondary type of headache. Dentistry requires both, the concentration and precision and dentists have to work in constricted zones for extended period of time so it is important to evaluate headache among dental population. The objective of this study was to screen Cervicogenic headache among dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Methodology: The Descriptive Cross-sectional study, of 6 months duration, was conducted on 125 dentists. The data was collected from Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore.  Non-Probability convenience sampling technique was used. Dentists working for at least 2 years and more than 5 hours daily, with the known cases of headache were included and those who were diagnosed with any other condition that cause headache like acute sinusitis, High blood pressure etc. were excluded. Data was collected by using cervical Flexion Rotation test whose validity is 0.81. Data was entered by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and the same software was used for data analysis. Results: The findings showed that, out of 125 dentists, 36.8% (n=46) were male and 63.2% (n=79) were female and cervical flexion rotation test was positive in 30.4% (n=38) dentists. Conclusion: This study concluded that cervicogenic headache is present in 30.4% dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College.

A Situational Agile Framework to Support Team Coordination in Global Software Engineering

Context: Modern computer systems are prone to a continuous evolution under varying situations such as Application and Organization. The increasing and complex project situations need to employ resources on a global scale that has resulted in Global Software Engineering (GSE), commonly known as Global Software Development (GSD). In addition, GSD teams work round the clock to fulfill the complex and competitive market situation to optimize and decrease costs by utilizing time zones effectively. However, apart from the advantages in GSD, it also entails certain challenges due to distance and time difference such as information sharing, communication delays and lack of control over team coordination that lead to project failure. With the passage of time, the complexity of software has increased greatly. It is for these reasons that organizations are moving from traditional development approaches to Agile based approach as it has the ability to deliver products closer to customer’s expectations. In this study there are two main problems that have been addressed, first and foremost is problem with the integration of two popular trends in Agile practices with GSD and second is formulating a situational method in order to handle the Agile GSD situations. However, literature review suggests the Situational Method Engineering (SME) as a solution for the integration of more than one methods and formulation of situational method. It also arises as a solution when we want to combine two approaches for the formulation of a new paradigm. Hence SME aims at providing method construction techniques by reusing existing methods, practices, techniques and approaches. Objective: The objective of this research is to design the structure of the 3C-SAME (3C _Situational Agile Methods for Global Software Engineering Environment) Framework in order to formulate situational methods to help Agile GSD practitioners to provide a productive solution. Method: In order to design 3C-SAME Framework, we use multi method research methodology. In addition, we use grounded theory to formulate the situational taxonomy. Action Research is also used in order to formulate the Situational Agile framework. In designing the Framework we perform a Literature Review to identify the impacts, challenges and existing issues from published articles, reports, case studies in a structured manner. In the context of the non-structured ad hoc research review, the systematic review is beneficial for the evidence based impact of existing theories, frameworks and challenges. We use the Multi method to design the 3C-SAME Framework. We evaluate our proposed framework through ISO/IEC 9126-1 quality model, case study and experimental study. Result: The results of the proposed 3C-SAME Framework help Agile GSD practitioners in order to improve their performance for Agile GSD managers and practitioners. It is a viable framework which can provide solutions to the well-known problems by applying SME principles. Hence the framework brings improvements in functionality and usability of the software development processes. However, the study is limited to only two agile methods, Scrum and XP, which have been used to formulate the proposed situational framework. The proposed framework is handle specific situations not for general purpose. Keywords: Agile Software Development, Global Software Engineering (GSE), Global Software Development (GSD), Situational Method Engineering (SME), Team Coordination.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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