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اشفاق احمد

اشفاق احمدرجحان ساز شخصیت
پیدائش:
معروف دانشور، ادیب، ڈرامہ نگار، تجزیہ نگار، سفر نامہ نگار اور براڈ کاسٹر جناب اشفاق احمد خان بھارت کے شہر ہوشیار پور کے ایک چھوٹے سے گاؤں خان پور میں ڈاکٹر محمد خان کے گھر 22 اگست 1925ء کو بروز پیر پیدا ہوئے۔
تعلیم:
اشفاق احمد کی پیدائش کے بعد اْن کے والد ڈاکٹر محمد خان کا تبادلہ خان پور سے فیروز پور ہو گیا۔ اشفاق احمد نے اپنی تعلیمی زندگی کا آغاز اسی گاؤں فیروز پورسے کیا۔ اور فیروز پور کے ایک قصبہ مکستر سے میٹرک کا امتحان پاس کیا۔اشفاق احمد نے ایف۔ اے کا امتحان بھی اسی قصبہ فیروز پور کے ایک کالج ‘‘رام سکھ داس ’’ سے پاس کیا۔ اس کے علاوہ بی۔اے کا امتحان امتیازی نمبروں کے ساتھ فیروز پور کے ‘‘آر، ایس،ڈی ‘‘RSDکالج سے پاس کپا۔
پاکستان ہجرت:
قیام پاکستان کے بعد اشفاق احمد اپنے خاندان کے ہمراہ فیروز پور (بھارت) سے ہجرت کر کے پاکستان آ گئے۔ پاکستان آنے کے بعد اشفاق احمد نے گورنمنٹ کالج لاہور کے ‘‘شعبہ اردو ’’ میں داخلہ لیا۔یہاں معروف اساتذہ سے علم حاصل کیا۔اْس زمانے میں بانو قدسیہ نے بھی ایم۔ اے اردو میں داخلہ لیا۔ یہ وہ دور تھا جب اورینٹل کالج پنجاب یونیورسٹی میں اردو کی کلاسیں ابھی شروع نہیں ہوئی تھیں۔
شادی:
جن دنوں اشفاق احمد گورنمنٹ کالج لاہور میں ایم۔ اے اردو کے طالب علم تھے۔ بانو قدسیہ ان کی ہم جماعت تھی۔ ذہنی ہم آہنگی دونوں کو اس قدر قریب لے آئی کہ دونوں نے شادی کا فیصلہ کیا۔ان کے والد ایک غیر پٹھان لڑکی کو بہو بنانے کے حق میں نہ تھے۔جس کی وجہ سے شادی کے بعد ان کو مجبوراً اپنا گھر چھوڑنا پڑا۔
تصانیف:
اشفاق احمد کی تصانیف میں افسانے، ناول، ٹی وی ڈرامے، ریڈیائی ڈرامے، فیچر اور سفر نامے شامل...

مفهوم الأدب الإسلامي و إسلامية الأدب عبر العصور

Islamic literature is a term referring to the school of thought who believes that a good literary work should view God, man and the world through the lens of Islam. It is conceived that the style of such literature must be of high quality with the Qur’ān, Ḥadith and the legacy of the Islamic scholars being its model. Islamic literature is a universal literature and can be written in any language. However, most of what has been written on the theory and practice of Islamic literature is in Arabic. This study discusses the model of Islamic literature in era of Islam, Umayyad period, Abbasid period, and Modern world. Topics of Islamic literature in modern times are dealing with the moral values ​​in the Qur’ān and the Sunnah of the Prophet, peace be upon him.  It discusses Jurisprudence in worship Biography of the Prophet and Praise of the Prophet and his companions God bless them all. The deep knowledge of Arabic language and Islamic literature solves the social and cultural problems around the world.

Pharmacokinetics, Renal Clearance and Urinary Excretion of Marbofloxacin in Domestic Ruminant Species

Introduction Marbofloxacin is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent which is very effective against a broad range of bacterial pathogens. The pharmacokinetic study of marbofloxacin is not conducted up till now in domestic ruminant species. So, there is a need to conduct pharmacokinetic study of marbofloxacin in order to select optimal dosage regimen in indigenous species. Objectives The study was conducted to compare inter and intra species variations of pharmacokinetic parameters and to select the dosage regimen of marbofloxacin in domestic ruminant species. Study Design Experimental study Setting Department of Pharmacology, Al-Nafees Medical College/Isra University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad and Livestock Experimental Farm, Institute of Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Duration July 2012 to December 2015. vii Material & Methods Thirty two adult, healthy, non-lactating females, animals were selected. 8 from each species of buffaloes, cows, sheep and goats of local breed. Marbofloxacin was injected as a single intravenous injection at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to each animal. Blood and urine samples were collected at specific time intervals. The concentration of marbofloxacin in blood and urine were determined by HPLC method. Data were subjected to computer software WinNonlin® to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters. Inter and intra species differences were observed by ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. . Results The low values of t1/2a suggested the rapid distribution of marbofloxacin in all four species. The values for the elimination half life (t1/2b) were insignificant to each other in all tested species. The volume of distribution at terminal phase (Vdarea) and at steady state (Vss) was comparable (p>0.05) and higher (p<0.05) in sheep and goats followed in descending order in cows and buffaloes indicating the well distribution and deep tissue penetration of drug. However, the mean values for Vc were remarkably higher in sheep (2.5±0.14 L/kg) followed by goats (2.21±0.11 L/kg) and parallel values in buffaloes (0.76±0.013 L/kg) and cows (0.88±0.02 L/kg). Total body clearance (ClB) was expressed as L/h/kg, and it showed the similar pattern to Vdarea and Vss in local ruminants. The value of AUC was viii significantly (p<0.05) higher in buffaloes (8.37±0.50 μg.h/mL) followed by cows (4.46±0.30 μg.h/mL), and parallel (p>0.05) values in sheep (2.08±0.05 μg.h/mL) and goats (2.16±0.04 μg.h/mL). In vitro the values of plasma protein binding of marbofloxacin were 32.2%, 27.01%, 20.15% and 21.17% in buffaloes, cows, sheep and goats respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 values for marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus species were observed to be 0.5 and 1.0μg/ml respectively with MIC range of 0.125-2.0 μg/mL. Endogenous creatinine was used as an index of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and recorded to be 0.87 ± 0.06 mL/min/kg in buffaloes, 0.98 ± 0.05 mL/min/kg in cows, 1.29 ± 0.079 mL/min/kg in sheep and 1.49 ± 0.103 mL/min/kg in goats. The renal clearance of marbofloxacin was measured as 1.96 ± 0.51 mL/min/kg in buffaloes, 2.08 ± 0.46 mL/min/kg in cows, 1.83 ± 0.54 mL/min/kg in sheep, 2.15 ± 0.53 mL/min/kg in goats. In the renal handling of marbofloxacin, glomerular filtration and tubular secretion were involved in all ruminant species. Conclusion The dosage regimen of marbofloxacin was higher in domestic ruminants as compared to its foreign counterparts. Keywords Marbofloxacin, Domestic Animals, Pharmacokinetics, Renal Clearanc, HPLC.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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