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فرخندہ رضوی کا اختصاص

فرخندہ رضوی کا اختصاص
شاعری کسی کی ذاتی جاگیر اور میراث نہیںیہ اللہ تبارک و تعا لیٰ کا تحفہ عظیم ہے۔یہ امیری غریبی کو دیکھ کر نہیں ہوتی بلکہ یہ عطائے رحیمی ہے۔فیضان الٰہی ہے۔ اردو شاعری کا کارواں جس نے اپنا سفر بارہویں صدی سے شروع کیا تھا اب اکیسویں صدی میں داخل ہونے والا ہے، اور شاعری کے اس سفر میں کئی اصناف شاعری مثلاً حمد،نعت،قطعہ،مرثیہ، رباعی، مخمس،مسدس،مثنوی، گیت، نظم، آزاد نظم ،نظم مصریٰ اور غزل شامل ہو چکی ہیں۔ ان تمام اصناف شاعری میں سے کوئی صنف بھی ایسی نہیں جو اردو زبان ادب کی اپنی پیداوار ہو۔ یہ تمام اصناف فارسی، عربی اور انگریزی زبان و ادب سے ہئیت اور موضو ع سمیت مستعار لی گئی ہیں۔ ایک ادیب کی تشنگی چاہے وہ شاعر ہو یا افسانہ نگار قلم میں چھپی ہوتی ہے۔ لفظوں کے یہ خزانے ان لکھاریوں کے لیے اتنی ہی اہمیت کے حامل ہیںجتنے انسانوں کے لیے رشتے ، کہتے ہیں کہ رشتے ٹوٹتے ہیں مگر گزرے وقت کے پل پھر بھی ساتھ ہی رہتے ہیں ، پھر لکھنے والوں کا جو وقت لفظوں کی مالا بننے میں صرف ہوتا ہے وہ کہاں بھولتا ہے پھر یہ شاعری شاعروں کا سرمایہ اور ادب کا حصہ بن جاتی ہے۔عہد حاضر کی اردو شاعری میں ایک جانا پہچانا نام فرخندہ رضوی کا ہے۔
ہمارے یہاں باقاعدہ طور پر شاعری کی عمر بڑی طویل ہے جو تقریبا تین سو سال ہے شاعری ہر دور میں مقبول عام رہی ہے تاریخ ادب میں مرد شعرا کی تو فہرست بڑی طویل ہے۔ لیکن شاعرات میں سے سب سے پہلے مہ لقاہ چندہ پہلی شاعرہ کے روپ میں سامنے آتی ہیں اس کے بحیثیت شاعرہ زہرہ نگاہ شعر و سخن میں اپنی دھاک بٹھانے آئیں۔
عصر حاضر میں خواتین فن شعروسخن کی جانب کچھ زیادہ...

COMPARISON OF REGIONAL MANUAL THERAPY AND STANDARD PHYSICAL THERAPY INTERVENTION IN FEMALES WITH SACROILIAC JOINT PAIN

Background and Aim: Sacroiliac joint pain is localized in the region of sacroiliac joint which can be increased by stress and provocation tests of the joint. Aim of this study was to compare two interventions for reduction of sacroiliac joint pain. Methodology: Study design was randomized clinical trial. Study was conducted in bajwah hospital and children polyclinic Lahore. Duration of study was six months. The total sample size was 64 patients. Females of 20-50 years old with diagnosed sacroiliac joint pain were included in this study. Compression and distraction objective tests were performed for further confirmation of sacroiliac joint pain.  Purposive sampling technique was used. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and Oswestry low back disability questionnaire (ODI) were used to collect the data. Exclusion criteria was females with fractures and other abnormalities of spine. Results: Results showed that both groups were equal when assessed on baseline by normality test colmogorov-smirnova. Independent t test was applied to compare the mean value of NPRS. Pretreatment mean of NPRS scale for both the regional treatment and standard treatment groups was 7.After 4 weeks NPRS of regional treatment group was 4 and of standard treatment group was 7. The mean value of pretreatment ODI for regional treatment group was 33 and for standard treatment group was 34.After 4 weeks ODI of regional treatment group was 24 and mean of standard treatment group was 27. Conclusion: It is concluded that after giving equal sessions to both groups when results were assessed regional treatment is more effective than standard treatment.

Genotyping of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Mrsa from Local Hospital of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a versatile and dangerous human’s pathogen and is a common cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections. S. aureus causes several types of infections such as bacteremia, folliculitis, sepsis, mastitis, meningitis and toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal pneumonia. S. aureus has developed resistance to the antibiotic ‘methicillin’ and continued spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains poses a significant risk to patients and contributes to a substantial financial burden on healthcare resources. HA-MRSA isolates usually belong to six lineages (CC1, CC5, CC8, CC22, CC30 and CC45) out of ten dominant clonal complexes (CCs) or lineages. Various methods have been employed to identify and characterize S. aureus strains. Phenotypic techniques have been replaced by more robust and accurate molecular techniques. The commonly used molecular techniques are Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multilocus variable number of Tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), Restriction modification tests (RM), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing. Present work focuses on genotyping of clinical MRSA isolates from three tertiary care hospital located in “Rawalpindi/Islamabad”, in order to examine the types and phylogenetic relationship of the isolates. In order to gain the understanding of the distribution of MRSA clones in Pakistan, where unregulated antibiotic use is widespread and distributions of MRSA is supposed to be high, an epidemiological relationships between 123 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, isolated between 2006 and 2008 from three tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpinidi and Islamabad, were examined using MLVA scheme, combined with RM typing, PVL sceening, STAR element analysis, spa typing and MLST to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the Pakistani MRSA isolates. Six loci (clfA, clfB, sdrC, sdrD, spa and sspa) were used in a multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). A total of 63 MTs/haplotypes were obtained by MLVA. Analysis of restriction modification (RM) genes detected, an RM3 type, associated with CC8, in most strains and an RM1 type, associated with CC30, in only two strains. On further typing of selected strains by Spa typing and MLST, it was found that the RM3/CC8 isolates were ST113-t064, ST113-t451 or ST239, with one of four spa types, whilst the RM1/CC30 isolates were ST30-t021. Analysis of STAR element of these strains for three loci showed their close resemblance; only the strains belonging to CC30 showed no STAR motif in gapR upstream region, confirming their genetic homology to other CC30 strains. Furthermore, the ST30 strains were also found positive for PVL gene. The present genotypic study showed that in Pakistan, the isolates belonging to clonal complex eight (CC8) are dominant in clinical settings. They belong to ST239, ST113 or ST8. The other clonal complex found was CC30 with presence of PVL gene and isolates belong to ST30. The use of MLVA in resource poor laboratories as a rapid and robust method for grouping noscomial MRSA isolates into clusters for identification of localized outbreaks is quite fruitful and MLVA may also provide an understanding of the evolutionary processes as changes in the number of repeats at different loci, may be indicative of which loci are prone to natural selection resulting in higher levels of variation, thus VNTRs serve as evolutionary clock for investigating an outbreaks and transmission events. In this study, we observed more variation in clfA and clfB than in sdrC, sdrD, spa and sspa. We also found that a change in repeat number was not necessarily gradual but may have occurred as a result of large jumps. Some isolates with significant differences in repeat numbers at single locus but being identical numbers in all other loci. Further evidence is provided by the spa typing results, i.e. with a loss of four repeats resulting in a shift from t987 to t030 and a two repeat difference changed t021 to t275. These large jumps might be due to deletions or insertions mediated by recombination or as result of deletions due to slip-strand impairing during DNA replication. Thus MRSA infections have become a challenge across the globe. The MRSA isolates which were once endemic to Europe and America, Africa has now been reported from Asia and thus suggesting that the MRSA isolates which once was endemic to a certain geographical area are no more confined to those boundaries. More over the pandemic spread of one type of MRSA clone across the globe is the result of antibiotic resistance. Therefore a joint global effort will be effective for the xvii control of MRSA infection. Although this study was carried out on limited number of isolated but it is quite useful to strengthen the MRSA data in Pakistan and to develop the genetic profile of MRSA in Pakistan and then to link it globally. This study also helped to under stand that, although there are only two lineages in these hospitals as in most of other Asian countries but there is a diversity at subspecies level as some of the isolates assumed a specific genetic profile as they evolved locally after they were imported to this region. The work presented in the thesis has been published in the following articles: 1- 2- Arfat Y1*, Johnson M2, Malik SA1, Morrissey J2 and Bayliss CD2 (2013). Epidemiology of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Pakistan. African Journal of Microbiology Research; Vol.7 (7): 568-576. H5 Index: 15. 2- Joanne Purvees1*, Mathew Blades2, Yasrab Arfat3, Salman A Malik1, Christopher D Bayliss1 and Julie Morrissey1 (2012). Variation in the genomic locations and sequence conservation of STAR elements among Staphylococcus aureus species provides insight into DNA repeat evolution. Genomics; 13: 515. Impact factor 4.07.
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