Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

۔مابعد جدید کےنظریہ کا اصل مقولہ

 

 مابعد جدید کےنظریہ کا اصل مقولہ

 احمد سہیل

میرے تقریبا آدھی صدی کے ادبی سفر میں میرا زیادہ تر وقت ادبی نطرئیے کی تنقید اور اس کی تفھیم اور تشریح میں گذرے۔ اس حوالے سے میں  نے چار کتابیں  ' جدید تھیٹر' ، ساختیات'، تنقیدی تحریرین اور  ' تنقیدی مخاطبہ' کے  نام سے چار کتابیں لکھی اور   سیکرو مضامین ادب کے تنقیدی نظرئیے پر لکھے جو  اردو اور انگریزی کے   ادبی اور علمی جرائد میں شائع ہوئے۔ میں نے یہ محسوس کیا کی اردو کا  ادبی اور تنقیدی محاول ادبی تنقیدی نظرئیے میں زیادہ سنجیدہ نہیں ہے یا  شاید اس کو یہ سمھ نہیں آتا۔

 یہ خاکسار آج  مابعد جدید نظرئیے پر  اساسی اور چند  اہم نکات پر  مختصرا بات کرے گا۔ اور   یہ بھی چاہوں گا کی شفاف اور آسان زبان میں " مابعد جدیدت" کا مفہوم واضح ہو جائے۔

*** مابعد جدیدت کیا ہے؟ ***

مابعد جدیدیت ایک ادبی صنف اور اسلوب کے لیے ایک اصطلاح ہے جو 20ویں صدی کے دوسرے نصف میں ابھری۔ مابعد جدیدیت کی تعریف میں، ادب نئی خوبیوں اور خصوصیات کو اپناتا ہے جو اس سے پہلے کی دہائیوں میں نہیں تھیں۔ مابعد جدیدیت پسند مصنفین نے اپنی زندگی کے دوران دنیا میں رونما ہونے والے اہم واقعات کے گرد اپنے شدید احساسات کو تلاش کرنے کے لیے قائم کردہ ادبی کنونشنوں کو کمزور کرنے کی کوشش کی۔

ایک عام اور وسیع تر اصطلاح جس کا اطلاق ادب، فن، فلسفہ، فن تعمیر، افسانہ، اور ثقافتی اور ادبی تنقید پر ہوتا ہے۔ مابعد جدیدیت بڑی حد تک سائنسی، یا مقصدی، حقیقت کی وضاحت کی کوششوں کے مفروضہ یقین کا ردعمل ہے۔ جوہر میں، یہ ایک...

Spirituality and Psychological Well-Being Among Muslims and Christians Adolescents and Young Adults

The present study examining the relationship between spirituality and psychological well-being among Muslims and Christians adolescents and young adults. Daily Spiritual Experience Scale and Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale were used to examine the study variables. The present study was carried out on the sample of (N = 254) i.e. Muslims (n = 123) and Christians (n = 131). The sub sample of Muslims and Christians were further divided into males (n = 48) and females (n = 75). Similarly Christian males (n = 60) and Christian females (n = 71). The instruments used to measure the variables possessed satisfactory reliability i.e. Spirituality (α =.80) for Muslims and (α =.92) for Christians and psychological well-being (α =.82) for Muslims and (α =.84) for Christians. Results of the study revealed that spirituality not only had significant positive correlation with psychological well-being but also found to be significant positive predictor of psychological well-being among Muslims as well as Christians. Additional findings of the study further revealed that significant differences exist in the terms of gender and age. Limitations, suggestion and implications were also discussed at the end of the study.

Cultural Drivers of Plant Biodiversity of District Tor Ghar

Interactions between people and plant diversity are indispensable. Ethnobiology explores such interactions in a scientific way to unearth the reality that cultureand plant diversity of a region influences each other in a reciprocal manner. Relations between plants and people are much stronger in remote cultural societies. District Tor Ghar is one of such remote and rugged mountainous region of the western Himalayas that has historically established tribal cultural values, traditions and customs. There is no evidence of previous qualitative or quantitative ethnobotanical research that tells something about culture of the region. Present PhD project was initiated by selecting a total of 43 villages from 5 tribal belts (Basikhel, Nusratkhel, Akazai, Hasanzai and Madakhel) using random table number method. 732 informants of all age groups were interviewed via semi-structured questionnaire method during the years 2012 and 2013. Group discussions, Ethnobotanical Participatory Appraisal (EPA) and extensive field visits were also arranged. Quantitative ethnobotanical techniques i.e., Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Cultural Importance Index (CI), mean Cultural Importance Index (mCI) and Cultural Importance of Families (CIF) were used to report cultural diversity among 5 tribes of the region. The conservation stata of all culturally significant plant species were also assessed quantitatively by developing first time a special mathematical relation i.e., CS =K (OC+AV+CE)/TF x RPwhich was in harmony with IUCN criteria. Cluster Analysis (CA), Two Ways Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) were appliedtodraw and understand cultural gradient of the ethno-ecologically important species of the region using robust software packages PCORD version 5& CANACO version 4.5.Our findings show that 295 species of vascular plants providing 33 cultural services in the form of food, medicine, fodder, timber wood, fuel, cosmetics, aesthetic, spiritual and veterinary etc.Assessment of conservation status via newly developed formula confirmed 20 species as critically endangered, 35 as endangered, 56 as vulnerable, 58 near threatened (rare) and 126 least concerned(Secure). The use of multivariate statistics brought forward a pattern in large multivariate data sets to a presentable and structurally recognizable form. Findings based on CA, TWCA and DCA showed a cultural gradient among the various tribes of the region. There is a significant correlation on the plant use pattern and conservation management of Basikhel to Nusratkhel and Akazai to Hasanzai while a significant diversity of such patterns exist between Madakhel and the remaining tribes.The current study contributes to an enhanced understanding of ecosystem services in the Tor Ghar, cultural uses of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts and the role of indigenous culture in regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.