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حلف الفضول

حلف الفضول
انسانی معاشرے کے معرض وجود میں آتے ہی مسائل جنم لیتے ہیں ۔ ایک ساتھ مل جل کر زندگی گزرانے کے دوران اختلافات اور تنازعات سر اٹھانے لگتے ہیں ظلم و نا انصافی ‘ رائے کا اختلاف ‘ حقوق و فرائض میں بے اعتدالی کا بازار گرم ہو جاتا ہے حتی کہ نوبت جنگ و جدل تک پہنچ جاتی ہے ۔ توہین آمیزی و بے ادبی ‘ عصمت دری اور مال و اسباب پر قبضہ جما لینا معمول بن جاتا ہے ۔ یہ چیزیں معاشرے کے امن و سکون کو تہہ و بالا کر دیتی ہیں‘ جس سے معاشرے کی ترقی کا پہیہ رک جاتا ہے ۔ معاشی اور معاشرتی نمو کا عمل تعطل کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے ۔ جزیرہ نمائے عرب میں کوئی باقاعدہ اور منظم حکومت نہیں تھی اس وقت عدالتیں بھی نا پید تھیں ،جہاں مظلوم اپنے حق کے حصول کے لیے ان کے دروازے پر دستک دے سکتا ۔ تمام عرب قبائلی نظام میں جکڑا ہو ا تھا ۔ قبیلے کا سردار ہی طاقت کا سر چشمہ ہوتا تھا اور اس کا حکم ماننا ازبس ضروری تھا ۔ قبائل خود ہی اپنے معاملات کو نمٹاتے تھے ۔ کوئی قبیلہ کسی دوسرے قبیلہ کے فرد کو قتل کر دیتا تو مقتول کا قبیلہ صرف اپنے فرد کے قاتل کو ذمہ دار نہیں ٹھہراتا تھا بلکہ قاتل کا پورا قبیلہ اس کے نشانے پر ہوتا تھا اور یہ انتقامی آگ کبھی سلگتی اور کبھی بھڑکتی رہتی تھی ۔ اس قبائلی نظام میں یہ خرابی بھی تھی کہ کمزور قبیلہ طاقت ور سے اپنا انتقام لینے سے قاصر تھا اور دل ہی دل میں کڑھتا رہتا تھا ۔ اس وجہ سے کئی قبائل کا متحدہ محاذ قائم تھا اس صورت میں اگر کسی کمزور قبیلہ پر وار ہوتا تو وہ اپنے متحدہ قبائل...

Experiences and Perceptions of Special School Personnel Regarding Inclusive Education: A Qualitative Study

The present study explored the experiences and perceptions of psychologists with regards to the benefits of inclusive education for special needs children. The phenomenological approach was used, and data was collected from four psychologists in the form of semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. The following themes emerged in favor of inclusive education: (i) Providing Support to Special Need Students; (ii) Requiring Qualifications and Experienced Teachers; (iii) Offering Training to School Staff; (iv) Identifying Barriers that Interfere with Inclusion: Stigma and Integration; and (v) The Positive Effects of Inclusive Education: Empathy, Social Skills, and Academic Achievement. The importance of training teachers and staff in inclusive education was also highlighted. The present study indicates that awareness programs are required to remove the social stigma against children with special needs in advancing inclusive education in Pakistan.

Application of Chemicals to Break Corm Dormancy and Enhance Production in Gladiolus Gladiolus Grandiflorus

Ornamental bulbous plants have great value in the world floriculture industry and gladiolus possesses prominent position among them. Gladiolus plant is mainly grown for its flower spike but it can be used as an bedding and potting plant. The increase in demand of its spikes needs continuous cultivation to meet the market demands throughout the year but occurrence of dormancy in corms limits its cultivation to only one growing season in a year. Various chemicals were used to break corms dormancy and their effect on corm health was also studied. The effect of important factors which affects the breaking of corm dormancy including corm source, scales and varieties was studied. Among treatments the soaking of dormant corms in different concentrations of methanol in combination with plant growth regulators (gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and indole acetic acid) was effective to break corm dormancy rather than individual application of chemicals. The descaled corms responded better to application of chemicals than the scaled ones. In another set of chemical treatments, the combined application of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine enhanced their effect to get the maximum germination percentage under controlled conditions of temperature at 26 o C in complete darkness. The combination of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine was found the best from the initial experiments and this combination was used to break corm dormancy under field conditions. The germination percentage increased as the concentration of gibberellic acid in combination with benzylaminopurine increased. The chemical analysis of treated and non treated corms revealed that there was maximum increase in total soluble sugars (6.98mg/g), gibberellic acid content (112.80ηg/g) and decrease in starch content (22.25mg/g), total phenolic content (91.57μg/g) and abscisic acid (27.32ηg/g) was recorded in treated corms. In the second part of the study, foliar application of gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and salicylic acid was done at three different stages of growth of gladiolus plants. The plants which received foliar application of gibberellic acid showed an improvement in their vegetative characters i.e. the maximum increase in plant height (122.14cm), spike length (58.41cm), number of florets (13.49), corm diameter (4.43 cm), corm weight (25.34g), number of cormels plant-1(75.64), cormel weight plant-1(20.45 g), and also the chemical constituents of leaves including, chlorophyll content (7.72mg/g), total carotenoids (1.61mg/g), total soluble sugars (3.68mg/g), nitrogen (1.52%), phosphorus (0.28%) and potassium (0.64%). Whereas benzylaminopurine application increased the spike diameter (7.23 mm) and salicylic acid application acted to decrease the number of days to flower (64.93) and total phenolic content (0.62mg/g) of leaf compared to control plants. The foliar application of polyamines (putrescine and spermine) and vitamins (ascorbic acid and thiamine) at 0.1, 0.4, 0.7 and 1mM concentrations improved the morphological and physiological parameters. Putrescine application at 1mM concentration resulted in increased morphological parameters, the plant height (107.85cm), spike length (53.19cm), spike diameter (7.53 mm), florets spike-1(13.99), 1st floret diameter (9.66 cm), floret weight (4.90g), corm diameter (4.57cm) corm weight (26.16g), cormels plant-1(80.86), cormel weight (23.03g) and also improved the physiological attributes like chlorophyll content(8.06mg/g), total carotenoids (1.66mg/g), total phenolic content (0.89mg/g), total soluble sugars (4.75mg/g), nitrogen (1.42%), phosphorus (0.27%) and potassium (0.84%). Thus foliar application of gibberellic acid and putrescine is helpful to improve the economically valuable characteristics of gladiolus plant which may helpful for gladiolus growers to fetch more price in the market.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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