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فقیروں کا بھٹو

فقیروں کابھٹو

1968ء یا 69کی بات ہے ذوالفقار علی بھٹو اندرونِ سندھ کے دورے سے اپنے گھر لاڑکانہ واپس جا رہے تھے اور سخت بخار کی حالت میںتھے ۔ان کی گاڑی ممتاز بھٹو چلا رہے تھے شہداد کوٹ اور قمبر کے نزدیک ایک مزار کے فقیروں ،ملنگوں اور درویشوں کو بھٹو کی آمد کا پتہ چلا تو انہوں نے بھٹو کی گاڑی کو وارہ پل کے مقام پر گھیر لیا ۔ممتاز بھٹو نے لاکھ سمجھانے کی کوشش کی کہ بھٹو صاحب کو بخار ہے مگر نہ مانے اور انہیں اپنے ساتھ آستانے پر لے جانے پر بضد رہے ۔ذوالفقار علی بھٹو ان کا مطالبہ مان کر ان کے ساتھ گئے ۔وہاں فقیروں ،ملنگوں اور درویشوں نے بھٹو کو اپنے ساتھ چرس اور بھنگ پینے کی پیشکش کی ۔بھٹو نے کہا آپ چائے پلا دیں ۔اسی وقت ان فقیروں نے گڑ کی چائے بنا کر پیش کی اسی دوران ایک ملنگ نے درباروں والا مخصوص ہار اپنے گلے سے اتار کر بھٹو کے گلے میں ڈال دیا ۔بھٹو تیز بخار کی صورت میں کچھ دیر وہاں فقیروں کے ساتھ بیٹھے اور پھر اجازت لے کر وہاں سے لاڑکانہ چلے گئے ۔

ان فقیروں ،ملنگوں اور درویشوں اوران جیسے کروڑوں لوگوں نے …جنہیں پیپلز پارٹی مدت ہوئی فراموش کر چکی ہے ،آج تک بھٹو کو اپنے دلوں میں بسایا ہوا ہے ۔

 

Art and Architecture as A Space for Kalash Identity (A Case Study of Bumburet Valley in District Chitral Pakistan)

The present study was conducted in Bumburet valley of Kalash, District Chitral, Pakistan. The key technique used for data collection was participant observation in which the researcher lived in the community, observed and documented their cultural patterns as an indicator of their traditional culture which includes religious songs, folklore, dress, art and crafts, as a basis for identity. The basic purpose of the study was to understand the role and significance of arts and architecture as a prime tool for establishing identity for the conventional people of Kalash. The people of Kalash have managed to maintain their identity through their unique arts and crafts. Tradition resists change and most often remains unaltered in a static spatial arrangement. The changes which incorporate in Kalash traditions may find their way through peripheral adjustments. The traditions in art and crafts are scanty to find and the present artifacts does not throw any light on their origin. The art and architecture available signify their unique ways, and tradition which is definitely different from the other ethnic tribes in the shared geographical arrangement. The Kalash ethnic identity has faced several challenges like colonization in the past and modernization and technological advancement and conversion to Islam in the present. The Kalash insist on keeping their self-identity as well as participating in modernity. They have maintained their centuries old traditional culture, despite the fact of current globalization, and modernization.

Engineering of Microbial Fungal Glucoamylases by Chemical Modification Techniques for Industrial Application

Glucoamylase (exo-1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase: EC 3.2.1.3) yields ß-D- glucose from the non-reducing chain ends of a wide range of polysaccharide substrates and play a tremendous role in the improvement of starch based food products. Non-traditional use of glucoamylases in detergent industry has a great scope of expansion the world over in the coming days. Industrial employment of glucoamylase demands its hardiness to harsh operational environment. Thermo-stable enzymes can withstand extreme environmental conditions and can resist against detergents, organic solvents, temperature & pH. The operational stability of enzymes is of paramount importance for any bioprocess, which can be improved through various protein engineering techniques. With the development of novel procedures that exploit selective and efficient protein chemistry, chemical modification, either alone or combination with other mutagenesis techniques, could make a significant contribution to the development of enzymes that cope with the industrial demands. Various fungal strains (A. niger, A. oryzae, A. tamarii, A. fumigatus, A. flavus and Humicola sp) were grown in submerged cultivation at different temperatures, pH and substrate concentrations in order to optimize GA production. A. niger and Humicola sp were selected for their higher GA production ability as compared to other fungi. The apparent molecular mass of Humicola sp and A. niger GAs determined through SDS-PAGE were 72.8 and 93 kDa. A. niger GA was proved to be much better as compared to Humicola sp GA on the basis of, wider pH range, higher optimum temperature, more turn over (kcat) and higher specificity constant. It also showed 10 fold higher resistance against thermal unfolding and an activation trend against α- chymotrypsin A. niger was decided to be improved through γ-rays treatment with the main objective to enhance the production, stability and function of the enzyme. The 1 kGy γ-rays exposed mutant (M-7) of A. niger was selected on the basis of deoxy-D- glucose resistance. The mutant M-7 was about two fold efficient for extracellular GA production in submerged cultivation on Vogel’s medium containing 4% (w/v) wheat bran, pH 5.0 at 30 oC. The mutant GA had same molecular mass on SDS-PAGE, however on MALDI-TOF a difference of about 814 Da was observed. The mutant GA proved to
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