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مولانا محمد منظور نعمانی

مولانا محمد منظور نعمانی
گزشتہ مہینے کا معارف اشاعت کے مرحلے میں تھا کہ یہ افسوسناک خبر ملی کہ مولانا محمد منظور نعمانی ۴، ۵؍ مئی کی درمیانی شب میں انتقال فرماگئے۔ انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
اس قحط الرجال میں مولانا جیسے حکمت دین سے واقف صاحب فہم و بصیرت اور مدبر عالم، قوم کے درد مند مصلح اور ملت کے ہمدرد و غم گسار کا اٹھ جانا کس قدر المناک سانحہ ہے۔
مولانا ایک عالم و مصنف اور صاحب سلوک و عرفان بزرگ ہی نہ تھے بلکہ زمانے کے نبض شناس، وقت کے تقاضوں اور حالات سے باخبر اور عاقبت بیں بھی تھے جن کا عمل اس پر تھا کہ:
نکل کر خانقاہوں سے ادا کر رسمِ شبیری
کہ فقرِ خانقاہی ہے فقط اندوہ و دل گیری
وہ مذہبی، اصلاحی، قومی، ملی، تعلیمی اور اجتماعی جدوجہد کے ہر محاذ پر سرگرم اور متحرک دکھائی دیتے تھے، انہیں مسلمانوں کی موجودہ پستی و زبوں حالی کا پوری طرح احساس بھی تھا اور وہ اس کے ازالے کے لیے نہایت فکر مند بھی رہتے تھے، آزاد ہندوستان میں جن مسائل نے مسلمانان ہند کی زندگی تلخ اور مکدر کر رکھی ہے، ان پر شور و غوغا مچانے لچھے دار باتیں اور دھواں دار تقریریں کرنے اور پُرجوش تحریریں لکھنے والے تو بہت سارے لوگ ہیں لیکن ان پر مولانا کی طرح تڑپنے، بے چین ہوجانے، درد و کرب خلش و اضطراب میں مبتلا ہونے والے بہت کم لوگ ہیں، وہ مسلمانوں کی فلاح و بہود کے لیے دعا و مناجات میں بھی مصروف رہتے تھے اور ملک کے گوشے گوشے کی خاک بھی چھانتے رہتے تھے، ان کے گریہ شب اور دعا ہائے سحر گاہی سے گھبرا کر ابلیس بھی یہ کہتا رہا ہوگا کہ ؂
خال خال اس قوم میں اب تک نظر آتے ہیں وہ

Religiosity for Promotion of Behavior: Role of Islamic Worships in Moral Development of Muslim Youth

The question of moral rectitude and upbringing of youth in the current social arena is the contemporary discovery attributed to social and family norms that also undergo change due to social and economic reasons. Consequently, deferring levels of piety become more or less acceptable according to an individual’s surroundings and age. The study was done to determine the association between religiosity and behaviors likely to improve the moral, social and psychological habits of young Muslims. The discussion of the article contextualizes the effects of observing practices of Islam on a larger scale. A sample study of this research can be used as evidence to counter the contemporary environment which inevitably generates contradictions for young people. The contradictions result in uncertainty and materialistic atmosphere which does not cater to their spiritual needs and the requirements to develop as the youth of Ummah. Yet, we cannot stop or avoid the negative channels and their effects prevailing on the internet. We can; however, extend the positive spiritual energy in youth that is only possible through careful observance of religious practices comprising regular prayers, fasting, charity and pilgrimage (Hajj). The current apathy of our youth towards the religious injunctions may be attributed to social and family norms that are in some cases relative to the economic conditions and social backup. This will evaluate and assess the way and means of effective inlaying of moral fields where our young people can improve their moral aptitude and rectitude. The impasse of current moral turpitude can be shattered with the bounding relation of human activity and Islamic ritual.

Impact of Humic and Fulvic Acids on Cadmium Availability to Wheat in Sewage Sludge Amended Soils

Sewage sludge is being heaped in the overcrowded urban cities and its safe disposal to agriculture soils is becoming a serious concern around the world. In developing countries like Pakistan, the use of sewage sludge is becoming common due to its free of cost and continuous availability. Most of the sludges contain large amounts of adsorbed and precipitated forms of heavy metals which could become a serious environmental threat. Among these toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) is grabbing much attention due to its high solubility and subsequent biosphere toxicity. The present studies aim at decreasing Cd bio-availability and producing the safe food from normal soils using sewage sludge. The effect of ageing and temperature on the release of Cd from the sewage sludge was monitored in an incubation study. The study was carried out at different temperatures (22 and 45 ºC) to monitor Cd availability and organic matter degradation in soils receiving sewage sludge @ 0, 15 and 30 g kg-1. Sludge addition and high temperature made obvious changes in fulvic acid FTIR spectra mainly at 1050-1250 cm-1 region. While humic acid spectra showed more aromatic character which are chemically and biologically more stable for Cd retention. Sequential data revealed significant decrease in organic matter bound Cd and increase in exchangeable Cd at high temperature (45 ºC). High temperature also increased the proportion of residual Cd and decreased the reducible Cd fraction with ageing, indicating high temperature had major influence on redistribution of Cd forms. It is concluded that long term monitoring is required for estimating the availability of these immobilized and transformed Cd fractions and organic matter constituents after sewage sludge application in hot and dry climate of arid and semiarid regions. In the subsequent incubation study, influence of organic matter derived humic and fulvic acids were investigated on Cd availability at various levels of soil pH and moisture. Cadmium transformations were investigated in soils (pH 7.10, 8.48, 9.52) treated with sewage sludge @ 0, 15 and 30 g kg-1 and maintained at 50 and 70% moisture soil WHC. Results revealed that high pH soils (8.48 and 9.52) recorded more changes in humic and fulvic acids FTIR spectra. Fulvic acid demonstrated that its activity depends on labile alcoholic and carboxlic groups. While, humic acid exhibited more humification and aromatic character with ageing. Sequential extraction data showed decreased Cd availability in high pH soils by decreasing the proportion of available Cd but low pH soil tended to favor Cd availability. These results suggest that maintaining soil moisture at 50% WHC could transform Cd more into non-available fractions due to increased Cd precipitation with soil colloids and by forming humate complexes. In this preliminary pot study, wheat cultivars (Shafaq-06, AARI-11, Ufaq-06, Fareed-06, Sehar-06, Aass-11, Gomal-08, Punjab-11, Millat-11, Galaxy-11, Uqab-00 and NARC-11) were planted in a sand medium contaminated with Cd @ 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1) to screen out the Cd tolerant cultivars. The NARC-11 seedlings performed better against different Cd stress levels in terms of germination parameters (rate, energy and index) and root and shoot length. The Galaxy-11 was found to be more tolerant than other cultivars in terms of tolerance index at higher levels of Cd stress (15 mg Cd L-1). The Shafaq-06 emerged as non-tolerant and didn’t perform well in terms of above mentioned parameters. From these results, it is evident that NARC-11cultivar being Cd tolerant could be grown on Cd contaminated soils but it demands further studies to testify its tolerance under natural field conditions. Later a pot study was designed to assess the effects of Cd release and humic and fulvic acids transformations on wheat growth in sewage sludge amended soils. NARC-11 and Shafaq-06 were sown in soil amended with sewage sludge (0, 15 and 30 g kg-1 soil). Application of sewage sludge resulted in better growth and Cd concentrations in wheat grains of both cultivars remained within permissible limit. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that fulvic acid underwent more spectral changes and humic acid showed more progressive maturity due to its increased hydrophobic aromatic groups. Sequential extraction data indicated a significant decrease in mobile fractions of Cd after crop harvest. It is concluded that sewage sludge application could be useful for the improvement of wheat production due to the formation of stable humate complexes and resulting in decreased Cd availability. Another pot study was set to determine the effect of humic and fulvic acids transformations on wheat growth (NARC-11 and Shafaq-06) in naturally Cd contaminated soils (1.25, 2.29, 3.23 and 4.18 mg kg-1). Results revealed that both the cultivars showed better growth in soils with Cd concentrations less than 3 mg kg-1 soil. Cadmium concentrations in wheat grains of both the cultivars grown in Cd contaminated soils (Cd>3 mg kg-1) were found beyond the permissible limits. After wheat harvest, minor percent changes in different fractions of Cd indicated that Cd has been stabilized in soil due to long term irrigation with raw city wastewater. The FTIR analysis also depicted minor changes in humic and fulvic acid spectra, due to humification organic matter from more stable humic complexes.
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