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مولوی سید احمد دہلوی

مولوی سید احمد دہلوی

            مولوی سید احمد صاحب دہلوی ، مولف فرہنگ آصفیہ نے جو ہماری زبان کے تنہا لغت نویس تھے، ۱۰؍ مئی ۱۹۱۸؁ء کو انتقال کیا۔ یہ سن کر افسوس ہوا کہ مرحوم کے جنازہ میں بیس پچیس آدمی سے زیادہ نہ تھے۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، مئی ۱۹۱۸ء)

Macroeconomic Instability and Terrorism Nexus: Empirical Evidence in Case of Pakistan

The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.

Synthesis and Self - Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles to Fabricate Nanostructures Using Various Templates

Metal nanoparticles, especially gold and silver, are currently among the most attractive nanomaterials due to their applications in various disciplines. The use of nanoparticles as building blocks offers an attractive bottom-up approach to produce new nanostructured materials with unique properties and applications. In this study, we have developed new and reproducible protocols to prepare gold and silver nanoparticles using various biological and chemical approaches. In particular, casein proteins were used for the synthesis of highly stable and biocompatible silver nanoparticles and spherical agglomerates. The silver particles produced by casein were tested for their pH-induced reversible agglomeration behaviour, cytotoxicity and cellular interaction by NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. In addition, silver nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activity were produced using a broad range disinfectant polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as a capping ligand. Moreover, peptide nano/ microfibers were also used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles/ nanostructures. In order to control the assembly of nanoparticles, we have used various templates; such as egg shell membrane and cellulose fibers (unmodified and chemically modified) to produce metal nanoparticle - organic template composite materials. Heat treatment of these composite materials led to the formation of metal microwires or membranes with interesting morphologies which may have useful applications in electronics and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The second part of this study deals with multilayered multifunctional polyelectrolyte capsules, which were formed by layer by layer assembly of polyelectrolytes around a sacrificial template. On removing the sacrificial template, hollow capsules containing free cargo of interest inside the cavities were obtained. It was possible to incorporate nanoparticles/ quantum dots inside the shell material to act as label during their microscopic studies. Most of all SNARF (seminaphthorhodafluor) based sensor capsules were used for real time monitoring of intracellular/ intralysosomal analyte (H+) concentration in the presence of different lysomotropic substances (Bafilomycin A1, Chloroquine, Monensin and Amiloride). The kinetics of these drugs was studied in a long term manner in living cells (MCF-7 breast cancer cells). Bafilomycin A1 caused an irreversible increase in intralysosomal pH. Chloroquine caused an increase in intralysosomal pH; however after its removal it gradually attained its baseline pH. Monensin also increased intralysosomal pH which remained high throughout its presence, but upon its removal intralysosomal pH attained baseline value very quickly. Amiloride did not show any effect on intralysosomal pH which remained constant throughout its presence in the cellular media.
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